ЕКСТРАЛІНГВАЛЬНІ ТРУДНОЩІ ПРИ ПЕРЕКЛАДІ ГРАМАТИЧНИХ, ЛЕКСИЧНИХ ТА СТИЛІСТИЧНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ З АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

Abstract

The article examines the influence of extralinguistic factors on translation, in particular, at the level of vocabulary, grammar and stylistics. Language as an expression of the nation's spirit is constantly at the center of technological innovation. At the same time, it is an impetus for driving changes in society, as it renews hitherto unknown spaces, problems, etc. Therefore, adequate translation must take into account the actual linguistic and non-linguistic factors for the completeness of the transmission of content. For analysis, we used excerpts from Trump's inaugural speech as a model of political discourse. The use of translation transformations is also analyzed on the basis of selected excerpts from literary texts, biographies of prominent politicians. A number of extralingual factors are named: socio-political, cultural, economic, sociopsychological, scientific and technical, as well as directly those that arise during a particular language act, in particular: environment; non- / formality; unprepared / preparedness for speech situation and translation; non- / limited time regulations. You can also add the following characteristics: gender, age, awareness of speakers, their psychological state, attention, temperament, erudition, memory, level of education and ideology. Groups of nationally marked vocabulary that pose difficulties in translation due to the significant influence of extralingual factors are noted.The definition of the term of transformation is given, but at the same time it is indicated that the definition of the concept is in the field of scientific discussions. The main groups of transformations are clarified: lexical – transliteration, transcription, tracing, concretization, generalization, modulation; grammatical – literal translation, division, integration, restructuring (replacement); stylistic – logicization, expression, modernization, archaization. Prospects for future research are seen in the study and analysis of these groups of translation transformations, as well as syntactic, taking into account non-linguistic factors on the example