Changes in the Structure of Myco- and Microbiocenosis of Soil with Use of Fungi and Bacteria Strains Immobilized on Biochar as an Example of Ecosystem Maintenance Services

Abstract

During recent decades the importance of ecosystems management services and maintenance have became paramount. We have proposed and implemented the technology of mycocenosis regulation of the rhizosphere of walnut nursery plants. Biotechnology involves inoculation before planting the roots of tree plants with the mycorrhizal drug Mikovital, which contains strains of the fungus Tuber melanosporum VS 1223 and the ascomycete Vitasergia svidasoma. Also it was applied in the combination with Florabacillin, which contains live cells of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis . The introduction of the mycorrhizal remedy into the rhizosphere of the walnut contributed to the change of such ecological characteristics of mycocenoses as the length and biomass of the fungal mycelium and the number of spores. To increase the efficiency of mycorrhization, an immobilization medium biochar with fungi and bacteria was used (Mikovital + Florabacillin + biochar). After use of this soil improvement complex in the rhizosphere of plants, the length of fungal mycelium increased by 8–10 times, and biomass by 5–7 times, in comparison with the rhizosphere of walnut on the control plot. Based on the dominance indices we had seen a signifficant increase in species diversity, which confirms the positive effect of immobilization of fungal cells and bacteria on the biochar. Optimum concentrations of 0.2% biochar additive to the Mikovital. It also have reduced the number of pathogens in the rhizobiome of the treated plants. The created harmoniously functioning ecosystem of the nut nursery as the result of above experiments will provide further self-regulation of this local natural ecosystem, as evidenced by the development of plants, their appearance and growth, as well as previous studies in the hazelnut garden. Mechanisms for bioregulation of soil and plant ecosystems have effectively included the use of man-made technology to stimulate natural mechanisms