МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ «ЛЬВІВСЬКА ПОЛІТЕХНІКА»
ЛЬВІВСЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БЕЗПЕКИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

ІВАНЧЕНКО М.Ю., МУКАН Н.В., ЗІНЬКО Р.В., ГОРБАЙ О.З., БАЛАЦЬКА Л.П.

ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES:
CAR DRIVING AND SERVICE SAFETY
АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ЗА ПРОФЕСІЙНИМ СПРЯМУВАННЯМ:
БЕЗПЕКА ПРИ РУСІ ТА ОБСЛУГОВУВАННІ АВТОМОБІЛЯ

Навчальний посібник

Львів – 2019

УДК

Рекомендовано до друку Вченою Радою Національного університету «Львіська політехніка» (протокол №48 від 17 січня 2019 року), Вченою Радою Львівського державного університету безпеки життєдіяльності (протокол №

Рецензенти:
Вікович І.А., д-р тех. наук, проф., Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”;
Горностай О.Б., к. тех. наук, Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності;
Андрейчук Н.І., д-р філол. наук, проф., Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка;
Левченко О.П., д-р філол. наук, проф., Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”;
Козловський Ю.М., д-р пед. наук, проф., Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”.

Іванченко М.Ю., Мукан Н.В., Зінько Р.В., Горбай О.З., Балацька Л.П.
Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням: Безпека при русі та обслуговуванні автомобіля: Навчальний посібник.– Львів: Видавництво Національного університету “Львівська політехніка”, 2019. – 178 с.

Посібник побудований на автентичному матеріалі і охоплює три розділи, які за змістом відносяться до головних питань безпеки при русі та обслуговуванні автомобіля, забезпечуючи засвоєння фонових знань та знайомство з найбільш вживаною термінологією. Система різноманітних вправ, побудована за циклічним принципом, наявність двомовних тематичних словників у кожному розділі, абеткового словника наприкінці посібника створюють сприятливі умови для ефективного засвоєння змісту посібника в аудиторії і надійного самоконтролю під час роботи вдома.

© Іванченко М.Ю., Мукан Н.В., Зінько Р.В., Горбай О.З., Балацька Л.П., 2019

CONTENTS	

PART I. ROAD VEHICLES – ERGONOMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DRIVER’S WORKPLACE IN LINE-SERVICE BUSES

Unit 1. Ergonomic Principles in the Design of Work Systems
Unit 2. Vehicle Safety Features
Unit 3. Visibility on the Road
Unit 4. Information Devices & Controls
Unit 5. Cabin Environment

PART II. HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit 1. Workplace Safety & Health
Unit 2. Hazardous Substances: Their Effect on Human Body and Protection against Their Impact. 
Unit 3. Workplace Electrical Safety
Unit 4. Temperature Control in the Workplace
Unit 5. Ventilation System in the Workplace. Electromagnetic Field Protection.
Unit 6. Workplace Fire Prevention and Protection Measures

PART III. SAFETY AND SECURITY IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit 1. Ionizing Radiation: Health Effects and Protective Measures
Unit 2. Lighting Safety in the Workplace
Unit 3. Vibration Hazards Prevention in the Workplace
Unit 4. Industrial Noise Pollution and its Effect on the Workers’ Capabilities

ВСТУП
В умовах глобалізації усіх сфер людської діяльності кардинальні зміни відбуваються і в галузі автомобілебудування у зв’язку із запровадженням нових революційних технологій. Відповідно, з’явилася нова термінологія, яка динамічно розвивається, забезпечуючи комунікативні потреби фахівців цієї галузі. Автомобільна термінологія входить до системи сучасної української мови як складова підсистема, підпорядковуючись загальномовним тенденціям, але потребує коректування і правильного тлумачення й перeкладу.
Підготовка, спеціалістів у галузі автомобілебудування а також перекладачів, здатних здійснювати вузькоспеціалізований переклад на належному фаховому рівні, можлива лише за умов покращення системи підготовки фахівців, вдосконалення організації навчально-виховного процесу.
Посібник “Безпека при русі та обслуговуванні автомобіля” поєднує забезпечення безпеки водія під час руху автомобіля завдяки створенню сприятливих умов роботи і формування тих же умов роботи для обслуговуючого персоналу при обслуговуванні та ремонті автомобіля.
Посібник укладено у відповідності з новими освітньо-професійними програмами підготовки фахівців. Він є базовим для формування різних аспектів мовленнєвої діяльності, зокрема перекладацької компетенції, що передбачає удосконалення знань обох мов. Не менш значущим є екстралінгвістичний аспект, що охоплює як фонові так і предметні знання, тобто надає інформацію щодо поняттєвого складу галузі автомобілебудування.
Метою посібника є формування та розвиток навичок письмового та усного перекладу, створення активного лексикону-мінімуму з відповідної термінології при вузькоспеціалізованому перекладі і можливості спеціалістів в галузі автомобілебудування знаходити і правильно перекладати специфічні терміни, пов’язані із специфікою галузі.
Після успішного опанування поданого матеріалу студенти зможуть здійснювати перекладацький супровід різних заходів міжнародного співробітництва стосовно ситуацій, пов’язаних із професійною діяльністю, зокрема надзвичайних.
Матеріали посібника відібрано з автентичних матеріалів нормативно-правового, навчального, довідкового та інформативного характеру (конвенції, стандарти, положення, інструкції, словники, довідники, енциклопедії, підручники). Список усіх використаних джерел подано в кінці посібника.

PART I. ROAD VEHICLES – ERGONOMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DRIVER’S WORKPLACE IN LINE-SERVICE BUSES

Unit 1
Ergonomic Principles in the Design of Work Systems

Task 1.1.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
1.	standard (критерій) – used or accepted as normal or average. The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees.
2.	committee (комітет, комісія) – a group of people appointed for a specific function by a larger group and typically consisting of members of that group. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
3.	well-being (добробут) – the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. Well-being can contribute to the quality of working life.
4.	sustainable (сталий) – able to be maintained at a certain rate or level. A sustainable plan, method, or system is designed to continue at the same rate or level of activity without any problems. 
5.	mode (вид) – the value that occurs most frequently in a given set of data. The process of work organization includes coherent actions in relation to establishing the form and mode of organization to be adopted.
6.	usability (придатність) – the degree to which something is able or fit to be used. Usability extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. 
7.	accessibility (доступність) – the quality of being able to be reached or entered. Accessibility extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a population with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use. 
8.	fatigue (втома) – extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness. Fatigue is more than feeling tired and drowsy. In a work context, fatigue is mental and/or physical exhaustion that reduces your ability to perform your work safely and effectively.
9.	gender (стать) – the state of being male or female. Gender and age can be related to variations in these characteristics.
10.	efficiency (ефективність, дієвість) – the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in. In physics and engineering, efficiency is the difference between the amount of energy a machine needs to make it work, and the amount it produces.

Task 1.1.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

work fatigue	втома від роботи	skill level	рівень кваліфікації	
allocation of functions	розподіл функцій	coherent actions	узгоджені дії	
national standards bodies	національні органи стандартизації	electrotechnical standardization	електротехнічна стандартизація	
technical committee	технічний комітет	core ergonomic standard	основний ергономічний стандарт	
liaison	тісний зв'язок	work system	система роботи	
scientific discipline	наукової дисципліни	specific overall outcome
	конкретний загальний результат	
work load	робоче навантаження	work process	робочий процес	
internal load	внутрішнє навантаження	external work load	зовнішнє робоче навантаження	
human-centred design	дизайн, орієнтований на людину	spatial arrangement of work equipment	просторове розташування робочого обладнання	
target population 	цільове населення	extrinsic factors	зовнішні чинники	

Task 1.1.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations to form sentences:

1.	Any trade name,  information given, this document is, for the convenience of users and, used in, does not constitute an endorsement.
2.	Attention is drawn,  to the possibility,of this document, that some of the elements, may be the subject of patent rights.
3.	As the standard is improved, becomes the baseline,the new standard, for further improvements.
4.	Establishing, collecting and recording data, standardized work, on a few forms, relies on.
5.	Standardizing, an element that is, the work, to the culture, adds discipline, frequently neglected but, to take root, essential for lean.
6.	Standards can cover, their customers,and used by, undertaken by organizations, a huge range of activities.
7.	Standards cover, from construction to nanotechnology, of subjects, from energy management to health and safety, a wide range, from cricket balls to goalposts. 
8.	The point of a standard is, to share the same, for people, expectations about, to provide, a reliable basis, a product or service. 
9.	In many organizations, meet standards, as a condition of employment, employees must, of professional behaviour.
10.	Acceptable behaviour, is also, into the workplace culture, required for acceptance.

Task 1.1.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. standard; sustainable; mode; well-being; liaison; fatigue; accessibility; efficiency; committee; gender; usability.

B. the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy; the state of being male or female; used or accepted as normal or average; the degree to which something is able or fit to be used; a group of people appointed for a specific function by a larger group and typically consisting of members of that group; the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in;
communication or cooperation which facilitates a close working relationship between people or organizations; extrinsic factors; extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness; the value that occurs most frequently in a given set of data;able to be maintained at a certain rate or level; the quality of being able to be reached or entered.

Task 1.1.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. standard; 2. gender; 3. liaison; 4. sustainable; 5. scientific discipline; 6. external work load; 7. national standards bodies; 8. core ergonomic standard; 9. coherent actions; 10. work load; 11. human-centred design; 12. allocation of functions; 13. technical committee; 14. well-being; 15. work system; 16. specific overall outcome; 17. mode; 18. work process; 19. usability; 20. spatial arrangement of work equipment; 21. fatigue; 22. skill level; 23. efficiency; 24. committee; 25. electrotechnical standardization; 26. work fatigue; 27. internal load; 28. accessibility; 29. target population; 30. intrinsic characteristics.

Task 1.1.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. критерій; 2. електротехнічна стандартизація; 3. вид; 4. розподіл функцій; 5. національні органи стандартизації; 6. сталий; 7. узгоджені дії; 8. втома; 9. цільове населення; 10. зовнішні чинники; 11. технічний комітет; 12. тісний зв'язок; 13. добробут; 14. наукова дисципліна; 15. доступність; 16. рівень кваліфікації; 17. стать; 18. ефективність, 19. дієвість; 20. основний ергономічний стандарт; 21. конкретний загальний результат; 22. робоче навантаження; 23. придатність; 24. дизайн, орієнтований на людину; 25. просторове розташування робочого обладнання; 26. комітет, комісія; 27. система роботи; 28. робочий процес; 29. зовнішнє робоче навантаження; 30. втома від роботи.

Task 1.1.7. Read and translate the text below:

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
This International Standard is considered to be the core ergonomic standard for work systems from which many others on specific issues are derived.
Although elements of the system can be the same, this International Standard is not intended to be applied to systems used in a non-work context (e.g. the use of a vehicle for private purposes).
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
well-being
<work system> sustainable internal state resulting from satisfaction of the physical and cognitive needs of the worker during his/her activity
Note 1 to entry: Well-being can contribute to the quality of working life.
work system
system comprising one or more workers and work equipment acting together to perform the system function, in the workspace, in the work environment, under the conditions imposed by the work tasks 
ergonomics human factors
scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance
[SOURCE: ISO 26800:2011, 2.2]
worker
person performing one or more activities to achieve a goal within a work system [SOURCE: ISO 26800:2011, 2.11, modified — synonym “operator” omitted]
work organization
interacting work systems acting to produce a specific overall outcome
Note 1 to entry: The process of work organization includes coherent actions in relation to establishing the form and mode of organization to be adopted (e.g. individual or collective work, teams working separately or interdependently, etc.). It is also necessary to define and allocate resources and determine the means and channels of communication. All these actions lead to the definition and assignment of prescribed tasks to the operators involved.
work equipment
tools, including hardware and software, machines, vehicles, devices, furniture, installations and other components used in the work system
work process
sequence in time and space of the interaction of workers, work equipment, materials, energy and information within a work system
work environment
physical, chemical, biological, organizational, social and cultural factors surrounding a worker 
workspace
volume allocated to one or more persons in the work system to complete the work task
external work load
work stress
external conditions and demands in a work system which influence a person's physical and/or mental internal load
Note 1 to entry: In some countries, “external work load” is referred to as “work stress”.
work strain
internal response of a worker (2.4) to being exposed to external work load depending on his/her individual characteristics (e.g. body size, age, capacities, abilities, skills, etc.)
usability
extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use
Note 1 to entry: Systems, products or services are part of work systems and used by workers within those systems.
human-centred design
approach to systems design and development that aims to make interactive systems more usable by focusing on the use of the system and applying human factors/ergonomics and usability knowledge and techniques
accessibility
extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a population with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use
allocation of functions
process of deciding whether system functions will be implemented by humans, by equipment and/or hardware and/or software
job
organization and sequence in time and space of an individual's work tasks or the combination of all human performance by one worker within a work system
work task
activity or set of activities required of the worker to achieve an intended outcome
workstation
combination and spatial arrangement of work equipment, surrounded by the work environment under the conditions imposed by the work tasks
work fatigue
impairing non-pathological manifestation of work strain, completely reversible with rest
target population
people for whom the design is intended, specified according to the relevant characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Relevant characteristics include, for example, the skill level, intelligence or physical characteristics, such as anthropometric dimensions, of these people. Gender and age can be related to variations in these characteristics. In addition to these intrinsic characteristics, extrinsic factors (e.g. cultural differences) could also be relevant.
system function
broad category of activity performed by a system

Task 1.1.8. Translate the following sentences into English:
1.	Раціональне планування робочого місця має забезпечувати: найкраще розміщення знарядь і предметів праці, не допускати загального дискомфорту, зменшувати втомлюваність працівника, підвищувати його продуктивність праці.
2.	Проектуючи робоче місце, потрібно враховувати, що при виконанні роботи з фізичним навантаженням бажана поза стоячи, а при малих зусиллях — сидячи.
3.	Виконуючи практичні завдання щодо використання робочої пози, потрібно: зменшувати величину статичних напружень; розподіляти статичні напруження; передбачати можливість змін пози під час роботи. 
4.	Під час роботи сидячи нижня частина корпусу розслаблена, а основне статичне навантаження припадає на м'язи шиї, спини, таза, стегон. 
5.	Статичні напруження працівника в процесі праці пов'язані з підтриманням у нерухомому стані предметів і знарядь праці, а також підтриманням робочої пози.
6.	Організація робочого місця передбачає вибір ергономічно обґрунтованого робочого положення, виробничих меблів з урахуванням антропометричних характеристик людини.
7.	При виборі кабіни водія необхідно брати до уваги вхід у кабіну, зручне положення тіла при роботі, безпечний вихід з кабіни і керування в будь-яких положеннях.
8.	Успішність роботи водія залежить від розміру і форми органів керування, напрямку і швидкості їх переміщення, зусиль, які необхідно прикладати до них.
9.	Робоче місце водія повинне забезпечувати легкість керування і безпеку руху, тому одним з найважливіших напрямків в організації робочого місця водія є раціональне розміщення засобів відображення інформації й органів керування.
10.	Для виключення можливості травмування водія органи керування необхідно розміщувати достатній відстані від нього.

Task 1.1.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

satisfy human requirements	задовольняти людські потреби	work system innovations	інновації в системі роботи	
starting point	відправна точка	establish	встановлювати	
relevant basic term	відповідний базовий термін	in a balanced manner	збалансованим чином	
sustainability of investment	стійкість інвестицій	basic ergonomic framework	основна ергономічна структура	
provide	забезпечити	intend	мати намір	
body of knowledge	об’єм знань	encourage attention	приваблювати увагу	
approach	підхід	executive	керівник, адміністратор	
decommissioning	виведення з експлуатації	life cycle	життєвий цикл	
applicable	підходящий, придатний	acquisition	оволодіння	
implementation	виконання	permanent 	постійний, незмінний	

Task 1.1.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:

A	B	
Предмети, якими користуються частіше, розташовуються ближче, ніж ті предмети, якими користуються рідше.	Physiological and psycho-physiological requirements determine the conformity of technology and environment to the employee's ability to perceive and process information, make and implement decisions.	
Фізіологічні та психофізіологічні вимоги визначають відповідність техніки і середовища можливостям працівника щодо сприйняття, переробки інформації, прийняття і реалізації рішень.	Items that are taken with the left hand should be left, and those items that are taken with the right hand – right.	
Площа робочого місця має бути такою, щоб працівник не робив зайвих рухів і не відчував незручності під час виконання роботи. 	The organization of the computer user's workplace should ensure the ergonomical compatibility of all elements of the workplace and their location.	
Організація робочого місця користувача комп'ютера повинна забезпечувати відповідність усіх елементів робочого місця та їх взаємного розташування ергономічним вимогам	It is also important to have the opportunity to change the working posture, that is, the position of the body, hands and feet.	
Важливо мати також можливість змінити робочу позу, тобто положення корпуса, рук, ніг. 	The organization of the workplace involves the proper placement of the workplace in the production premises.	
Предмети, які беруть лівою рукою, повинні бути зліва, а ті предмети, які беруть правою рукою — справа;	The area of the workplace must be such that the worker not make unnecessary movements and not experience any inconvenience during the work.	
Організація робочого місця передбачає правильне розміщення робочого місця у виробничому приміщенні.
	Objects that are used more often are located closer than those items that are used less often.	

Task 1.1.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. satisfy human requirements; 2. work system innovation; 3. relevant basic term; 4. applicable; 5. basic ergonomic framework; 6. establish; 7. balanced manner; 8. intend; 9. body of knowledge; 10. starting point; 11. implementation; 12. provide; 13. sustainability of investment; 14. encourage attention; 15. approach; 16. decommissioning; 17. acquisition; 18. executive; 19. life cycle; 20. permanent.

Task 1.1.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. задовольняти людські потреби; 2. стійкість інвестицій; 3. привертати увагу; 4. життєвий цикл; 5. підходящий; 6. мати намір; 7. об’єм знань; 8. встановлювати; 9. керівник, 10. адміністратор; 11. забезпечити; 12. інновації в системі роботи; 13. відповідний базовий термін; 14. оволодіння; 15. виконання; незмінний; 16. основна ергономічна структура; 17. відправна точка; 18. підхід; 19. збалансованим чином; 20. виведення з експлуатації.

Task 1.1.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 1.1.2, 1.1.9 in case of difficulties:

Technological, economic, organizational and human factors affect the work behaviour and well-being of people as part of a work system. Applying ergonomic knowledge in the light of practical experience in the design of a work system is intended to satisfy human requirements.
This International Standard provides a basic ergonomic framework for professionals and other people who deal with the issues of ergonomics, work systems and working situations. The provisions of this International Standard will also apply to the design of products for use in work systems.
Following the principles and requirements described in this International Standard will support management in making better decisions, for instance related to the sustainability of investments in work system innovation.
In the design of work systems in accordance with this International Standard, the body of knowledge in the field of ergonomics is taken into account. Ergonomic evaluations of existing or new work systems will show the need for, and encourage attention to, the role of the worker within those systems.
ISO 26800 provides a general starting point for thought on ergonomics and determines the essential general principles and concepts. This International Standard presents these in the context of the design and evaluation of work systems.
This International Standard is also valuable in the application of management systems such as OHSAS 18001. Besides guidelines for processes, it also offers guidance for achieving good human performance.
This International Standard establishes the fundamental principles of ergonomics as basic guidelines for the design of work systems and defines relevant basic terms. It describes an integrated approach to the design of work systems, where ergonomists will cooperate with others involved in the design, with attention to the human, the social and the technical requirements in a balanced manner during the design process.
Users of this International Standard will include executives, managers, workers (and their representatives, when appropriate) and professionals, such as ergonomists, project managers and designers who are involved in the design or redesign of work systems. Those who use this International Standard can find a general knowledge of ergonomics (human factors), engineering, design, quality and project management helpful.
The term “work system” in this International Standard is used to indicate a large variety of working situations, including permanent and flexible work places. The intention of this International Standard is to assist in the improvement, (re)design or change of work systems. Work systems involve combinations of workers and equipment, within a given space and environment, and the interactions between these components within a work organization. Work systems vary in complexity and characteristics, for example, the use of temporary work systems. Some examples of work systems in different areas are the following:
•	— production, e.g. machine operator and machine, worker and assembly line;
•	— transportation, e.g. driver and car or lorry, personnel in an airport;
•	— support, e.g. maintenance technician with work equipment;
•	— commercial, e.g. office worker with workstation, mobile worker with a tablet computer, cook in a restaurant kitchen;
•	— other areas like health care, teaching and training.
The observance of ergonomic principles applies to all phases throughout the life cycle of the work system from conception through development, realization and implementation, utilization, maintenance and support to decommissioning.
The systems approach in this International Standard gives guidance to the users of this International Standard in existing and new situations.
The definitions and ergonomic principles specified in this International Standard apply to the design of optimal working conditions with regard to human well-being, safety and health, including the development of existing skills and the acquisition of new ones, while taking into account technological and economic effectiveness and efficiency.
The principles in this International Standard are applicable to many other human activities, e.g. in the design of products for domestic and leisure activities. 

Unit 2
Vehicle Safety Features

Task 1.2.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
1.	fleet of vehicles (автопарк) – a number of vehicles, especially when they all belong to a particular organization or business, or when they are all going somewhere together. Whether you manage a fleet of vehicles, oversee a mobile sales force or simply employ commuters, by implementing a driver safety program in the workplace you can greatly reduce the risks faced by your employees and their families while protecting your company's bottom line.
2.	liability (зобов'язання) – the state of being legally responsible for something. To guard against potential company and personal liabilities associated with crashes involving employees driving on company business.
3.	traffic (перевезення) – the transportation of goods or passengers. These steps will be useful to any organization regardless of size of the organization, type of traffic encountered, number of vehicles involved, or whether employees drive company or personal vehicles for work purposes.
4.	compensation (відшкодування, компенсація) – a thing, esp an amount of money, given to compensate for smth. They drive up the cost of benefits such as workers' compensation, social security, and private health and disability insurance.
5.	workday (робочий день) – the amount of time during a day which you spend doing your job. Many of these incidents occur during the workday or during the commute to and from work.
6.	on-the-job accident (нещасний випадок на виробництві; виробнича травма) – an unplanned event that results in personal injury or property damage. When a worker has an on-the-job accident that results in an injury, the cost to their employer is $74,000.
7.	preventable (такий, якому можна запобігти) – could be stopped from occurring. The real tragedy is that these crashes are largely preventable.
8.	save (берегти) – to keep safe or rescue (someone or something) from harm or danger. Recognizing the opportunity that employers have to save lives, a growing number of employers have established traffic safety programs in their companies. 
9.	disability (неповносправність, непрацездатність) – a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities.A disability is a permanent injury, illness, or physical or mental condition that tends to restrict the way that someone can live their life.
10.	 fine-tune (вдосконалювати; точно регулювати) – to make small adjustments to (something) in order to achieve the best or a desired performance. Also included are real-life examples of successful safety programs, key traffic safety issues to address in the workplace, instructions for calculating your organization's loss from motor vehicle crashes, and a list of resources to help you fine-tune your program.

Task 1.2.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

company budget	бюджет компанії	traffic safety issues	питання безпеки руху	
commute to and from work	їздити щодня на роботу і з роботи	bear the cost for injuries	компенсувати витрати за травми	
far-reaching effects	серйозні наслідки 	company's bottom line	чистий дохід компанії	
human and financial resources	людські та фінансові ресурси	on-the-job crash	аварія на робочому місці	
driver safety program	програми безпеки водія	life-altering injuries	травми, що змінюють життя	
driver attitude	ставлення водія	valuable assets	цінні активи	
safety-conscious behaviour	безпечна поведінка 	real-life examples	реальні приклади	
lost productivity	втрачена продуктивність	for work purposes	для робочих цілей	

Task 1.2.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations to form sentences:

1.	Employers should have, when employees drive a work-provided vehicle, in place to ensure safety, or drive their own vehicle forwork, appropriate policies and procedures.
2.	Driving for work,but also for fellow workers, involves a risk not only for drivers, and members of the public, such as pedestrians and other road users. 
3.	As an employer or self-employed person, may arise when you or your employees, manage the risks that, drive for work, you must, by law.
4.	Employers should have, systems in place, driving for work activities, to ensure that, are road safety compliant. 
5.	Employers cannot, but they can promote, roadway conditions, and influence safe driving behaviour and actions, directly control, by their employees. 
6.	A variety of industries and occupations, to hazards associated, to drive or to be exposed, require employees, with driving. 
7.	Employers should ensure, comply with applicable federal, that their programs and practices, state, and local regulations.
8.	If your company has a fleet, you should ensure that the vehicles are mechanically sound, or if employees drive personal or leased vehicles, as part of their job, and operating properly.
9.	If your employees, they should be prepared for conditions outside the vehicle, are in a motorized vehicle as part of their job, that might affect their trip.
10.	If you regularly, you're at increased risk, drive for work, of work-related auto accidents. 

Task 1.2.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. workday; disability; traffic; on-the-job accident; liability; save; compensation; fleet of vehicles; fine-tune; preventable
B. the state of being legally responsible for something; the amount of time during a day which you spend doing your job; something, typically money, awarded to someone in recognition of loss, suffering, or injury; to make small adjustments to (something) in order to achieve the best or a desired performance; real-life examples; could be stopped from occurring; a number of vehicles, especially when they all belong to a particular organization or business, or when they are all going somewhere together; vehicles moving on a public highway; a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities; to keep safe or rescue (someone or something) from harm or danger; an unplanned event that results in personal injury or property damage.

Task 1.2.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. bear the cost for injuries; 2. driver safety program; 3. far-reaching effects; 4. company budget; 5. commute to and from work; 6. liability; 7. compensation; 8. save; 9. for work purposes;10. on-the-job crash; 11. life-altering injuries; 12. traffic;13. fine-tune; 14. valuable assets; 15. lost productivity; 16. workday;17. fleet of vehicles; 18. company's bottom line; 19. human and financial resources; 20. preventable; 21. disability; 22. driver attitude; 23. traffic safety issues; 24. on-the-job accident; 25. safety-conscious behaviour.

Task 1.2.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. людські та фінансові ресурси; 2. перевезення; 3. виробнича травма; 4. ставлення водія; 5. запобігання; 6. точно регулювати; 7. безпечна поведінка; 8. цінні активи; 9. втрачена продуктивність; 10. їздити на роботу і з роботи; 11. автопарк, 12. травми, що змінюють життя; 13. неповносправність, непрацездатність; 14. зобов'язання; 15. берегти; 16. для робочих цілей; 17. бюджет компанії; 18. програми безпеки водія; 19. серйозні наслідки; 20. реальні приклади; 21. питання безпеки руху; 22. аварія на робочому місці; 23. робочий день; 24. компенсувати витрати за травми; 25. відшкодування, компенсація.

Task 1.2.7. Read and translate the text below:

Every 12 minutes someone dies in a motor vehicle crash, every 10 seconds an injury occurs and every 5 seconds a crash occurs. Many of these incidents occur during the workday or during the commute to and from work. Employers bear the cost for injuries that occur both on and off the job. Whether you manage a fleet of vehicles, oversee a mobile sales force or simply employ commuters, by implementing a driver safety program in the workplace you can greatly reduce the risks faced by your employees and their families while protecting your company's bottom line.
Set Up a Safe Driving Program to Keep Your Employees Safe on the Road
Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death and injury for all ages. Crashes on and off the job have far-reaching financial and psychological effects on employees, their coworkers and families, and their employers.
You need a driver safety program:
to save lives and to reduce the risk of life-altering injuries within your workforce.
to protect your organization's human and financial resources.
to guard against potential company and personal liabilities associated with crashes involving employees driving on company business.
Your program should work to keep the driver and those with whom he/she shares the road safe. And, if necessary, the program must work to change driver attitudes, improve behaviour, and increase skills to build a "be safe" culture. By instructing your employees in basic safe driving practices and then rewarding safety-conscious behaviour, you can help your employees and their families avoid tragedy.
Employees are an employer's most valuable assets. Workplace driver safety programs not only make good business sense but also are a good employee relations tool, demonstrating that employers care about their employees.
Ten steps for building a driver safety program in the workplace will be useful to any organization regardless of size of the organization, type of traffic encountered, number of vehicles involved, or whether employees drive company or personal vehicles for work purposes. Also included are real-life examples of successful safety programs, key traffic safety issues to address in the workplace, instructions for calculating your organization's loss from motor vehicle crashes, and a list of resources to help you fine-tune your program.
Promoting Safe Driving Practices Helps Your Bottom Line
Motor vehicle crashes cost employers $60 billion annually in medical care, legal expenses, property damage, and lost productivity. They drive up the cost of benefits such as workers' compensation, social security, and private health and disability insurance. In addition, they increase the company overhead involved in administering these programs.
The average crash costs an employer $16,500. When a worker has an on-the-job crash that results in an injury, the cost to their employer is $74,000. Costs can exceed $500,000 when a fatality is involved. Off-the-job crashes are costly to employers as well.
The real tragedy is that these crashes are largely preventable. Recognizing the opportunity that employers have to save lives, a growing number of employers have established traffic safety programs in their companies. No organization can afford to ignore a major problem that has such a serious impact on both their personnel and the company budget.

Task 1.2.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	При важкій аварії відбувається різке та несподіване уповільнення (повна зупинка) транспортного засобу, що викликає величезні перевантаження на тіла пасажирів, які можуть виявитися фатальними. 
2.	Однією з поширених і дієвих систем безпеки в сучасних автомобілях (після ременів безпеки) є повітряні подушки. Вони почали широко використовуватися вже наприкінці 70 -х років, але лише десятиліття по тому вони дійсно зайняли гідне місце в системах безпеки автомобілів більшості виробників .
3.	Легкові автомобілі повинні обладнуватися ременями безпеки, якщо для цього передбачені місця кріплення. Захисні властивості ременів багато в чому залежать від їх технічного стану. 
4.	У багатьох ситуаціях водій не може своєчасно оцінити всі складові процесу гальмування (якість дорожнього полотна, його стан, швидкість, знос протекторів тощо) та прийняти оптимальне рішення через дефіцит часу.
5.	Причини аварій можуть бути різними - це і людський фактор, і стан дороги, і метеорологічні умови, і конструкторам доводиться враховувати весь спектр загроз.
6.	Сучасні системи безпеки забезпечують як активний, так і пасивний захист автомобіля, і складаються із складного комплексу різних пристроїв і пристосувань, від антиблокувальної системи коліс (далі - АБС) і системи протизанесення до подушок безпеки.
7.	Помітність автомобіля на дорозі, яка визначається його кольором, теж може зіграти свою роль у запобіганні аварії. Так, яскраві жовті, червоні і помаранчеві автомобільні кузови вважаються більш безпечними, а при відсутності снігу до їх числа додається і білий колір.
8.	Велика частина спеціальних пристроїв і систем пасивної безпеки знаходиться в передній частині салону, оскільки при аваріях страждає в першу чергу вітрове скло, рульова колонка, передні двері автомобіля і приладова панель.
9.	Зручне, ергономічне розміщення приладів на приладовій панелі і зоровий доступ до них вносять свою лепту у запобігання ДТП.
10.	Системи, що сигналізують про поломки, що запобігають блокуванню гальм або стежать за перевищенням швидкості так само відносять до активної безпеки.

Task 1.2.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

airbags	подушки безпеки	shoulder strap	плечовий ремінь	
skidding	занесення	emergency situations	надзвичайні ситуації	
anti-lock brakes	антиблокувальні гальма	electronic stability control	електронний контроль стійкості	
inflated	надутий	audible tone	звуковий сигнал	
traction control	контроль тяги	door pillar	двірна стійка	
reminder symbol	символ нагадування	head protection	захист голови	
adjustable mirrors	регульовані дзеркала	keep control of the vehicle	тримати контроль над автомобілем	
reducing engine torque	зниження крутного моменту двигуна	brake suddenly and forcefully	гальмувати раптово і сильно	
correctly adjusted	правильно налаштовані	absorb the impact	поглинати удар	
to hit some parts of the interior	вдарятися до деяких частин інтер'єру	rollover	перекидання	

Task 1.2.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:

A	B	
Системи курсової стійкості підвищують безпеку автомобіля, утримуючи напрямок його руху. 	Active safety allows you to change the nature of the movement, without fear of leaving the car out of control.	
Надійний транспортний засіб дозволяє водієві зберегти своє життя і здоров'я, а разом з тим - життя і здоров'я пасажирів. 	Not the last value is the strength of various structural elements. In some elements, it must be elevated, and others - on the contrary.	
Активна безпека дозволяє змінювати характер руху, не побоюючись виходу автомобіля з-під контролю.	The modern market offers many reliable and efficient active safety systems. The most common and known - anti-lock systems that prevent wheel slipping when locking the wheels.	
Вночі за активну безпеку відповідають різні поверхні транспортного засобу, що відбивають світло, та роблять машину помітною у світлі фар.	Systems of course stability increase the safety of the car, keeping the direction of its movement.	
Яскраві жовті, червоні і помаранчеві автомобільні кузови вважаються безпечнішими, а при відсутності снігу до їх числа додається і білий колір.	A reliable vehicle allows the driver to save his life and health, and at the same time - the lives and health of the passengers.	
Сучасний ринок пропонує безліч надійних і ефективних систем активної безпеки. Найпоширеніші і найвідоміші - антиблокувальні системи, які запобігають ковзанню коліс, що виникає при блокуванні коліс. 	At night, for active safety, different vehicle surfaces, which reflect the light and make the car is noticeable in the light of headlights are responsible.	
Не останнє значення має міцність різних елементів конструкції. У одних елементів вона повинна бути підвищена, а у інших - навпаки.	Bright yellow, red and orange car bodies are considered safer, and in the absence of snow, white is added to their numbers.	

Task 1.2.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. traction control; 2. keep control of the vehicle; 3. absorb the impact; 4. anti-lock brakes; 5. head protection; 6. reducing engine torque; 7. airbags; 8. inflated; 9. audible tone;10. skidding; 11. brake suddenly and forcefully; 12. electronic stability control; 13. reminder symbol; 14. correctly adjusted; 15. to hit some parts of the interior; 16. rollover; 17. door pillar; 18. shoulder strap; 19. adjustable mirrors; 20. emergency situations.

Task 1.2.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. антиблокувальні гальма; 2. занесення; 3. зниження крутного моменту двигуна; 4. поглинати удар; 5. перекидання; 6. подушки безпеки; 7. символ нагадування; 8. регульовані дзеркала; 9. електронний контроль стійкості; 10. плечовий ремінь; 11. вдарятися до деяких частин інтер'єру; 12. контроль тяги; 13. надутий; 14. звуковий сигнал; 15. тримати контроль над автомобілем; 16. надзвичайних ситуацій; 17. правильно налаштовані; 18. двірна стійка; 19. захист голови; 20. гальмувати раптово і сильно.

Task 1.2.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 1.2.2., 1.2.9 in case of difficulties:

There are two types of safety features in vehicles - primary and secondary.
Primary safety features are ones that help the driver avoid having a crash (e.g. anti-lock brakes, traction control, electronic stability control). Some technology, like some Collision Warning Systems, are active features because the system will start engaging the brakes if it senses that the driver is not taking action to slow down.
Secondary safety features are ones that help reduce the consequences of a crash such as airbags and body engineering that directs the force of a crash away from the occupants (see diagram in Related Images).
Some safety features include
airbags - whose placement can range from only in the dashboard, to the knee well, the door pillar. Curtain airbags (an airbag that inflates and covers the side windows) can help reduce injuries in rollover and side impact crashes if they stay inflated for a slightly longer time than normal.
seatbelts – seatbelts stop people being thrown out of a crashed vehicle and from hitting some parts of the interior when they are thrown forward. Some seatbelts can be adjusted so that the shoulder strap is at the correct height for the person in the seat.
 seatbelt reminders - are a simple safety feature designed to remind people in the vehicle to put on their seatbelt. They can vary from being a reminder symbol that lights up to being an audible tone that continues until every person in the vehicle has put on their seatbelt.
head protection with soft material in headrest and vehicle side pillar - where possible softer material that will absorb the impact of a person’s head is used in places where it could impact with the interior of the vehicle during a crash.
adjustable mirrors - help the driver monitor what is happening and make it safer to change lanes if they are correctly adjusted.
anti-lock brakes - when a crash happens the driver often brakes suddenly and forcefully. This can cause the brakes to lock and skidding to occur. If a driver whose vehicle does not have anti-lock brakes needs to stop quickly they need to ‘pump’ the brakes to stop the wheels locking and prevent the vehicle skidding. Anti-lock brakes are designed to stop this happening as they carry out the pumping action instead of the driver.
traction control - is used to stop the wheels spinning or slipping if the driver applies too much power.
electronic stability control - works alongside anti-lock brakes, and is designed to help the driver keep control of the vehicle (usually in emergency situations) to stop it spinning out of control. It does this by selectively braking individual wheels and reducing engine torque to bring the vehicle back on course. It has been found to be very effective in reducing deaths, and will be compulsory in new vehicles in some countries in the near future. (http://toolkit.irap.org)

Unit3
Visibility on the Road

Task 1.3.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:

11.	 visibility (оглядовість) – the degree to which something has attracted general attention; prominence. Inadequate visibility is an important factor that influences the risk of a road crash among all types of road users.
12.	 fatality (смерть (на війні, від нещасного випадку)) – an occurrence of death by accident, in war, or from disease. In South Africa approximately 40% of road fatalities are pedestrian fatalities and accident investigations often reveal that the pedestrians have not been visible to motorists.
13.	 pedestrian (пішохід) – a person walking rather than travelling in a vehicle. A pedestrian is a person who is walking, especially in a town or city, rather than travelling in a vehicle.
14.	 crash (аварія; зіткнення (транспортних засобів)) – a violent collision, typically of one vehicle with another or with an object. In highly-motorized countries, inadequate visibility plays an important role in three types of crash.
15.	 low-income (малозабезпечений, з низьким рівнем доходу) – relating or belonging to people who earn low wages, (of a country) having a low national income. In low-income and middle-income countries, the poor visibility of pedestrians and vehicles is a serious problem.
16.	 exacerbate (поглиблювати) – to make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse. Non-use of low-cost interventions such as bicycle lamps or reflective equipment exacerbates already unsafe conditions.
17.	 collision (зіткнення) – an instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another. Studies in the Netherlands suggest that use of bicycle lighting could reduce the incidence of bicycle collisions by 30%.
18.	 dusk (сутінки) – the time just before night when the daylight has almost gone but when it is not completely dark. A large proportion of pedestrian and cyclist collisions in low-income countries occur around dusk, dawn or at night, possibly because of poor visibility. 
19.	 accessory (додаткове устаткування, аксесуар) – a thing which can be added to something else in order to make it more useful, versatile, or attractive. Colourful clothing, accessories and vehicle parts can make pedestrians, riders and non-motorized vehicles more visible to all road users.
20.	 pavement (тротуар) – a raised paved or asphalted path for pedestrians at the side of a road. Pedestrians must, if possible, not walk in the road but on the pavement.

Task 1.3.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

poor weather conditions	погані погодні умови	middle-income countries	країни із середнім рівнем доходу	
unprotected road users	незахищені учасники дорожнього руху	reflective equipment	світловідбиваюче обладнання	
inadequate visibility	недостатня видимість	road crash	дорожньо-транспортна пригода	
road traffic injury prevention	запобігання травмам внаслідок дорожньо-транспортної пригоди	highly-motorized countries	високомоторизовані країни
	
stationary vehicle	стаціонарний транспортний засіб	rear-end collision	зіткнення ззаду	
cyclist collision	зіткнення велосипедистів	colourful clothing	барвистий одяг	
poor street lighting	погане вуличне освітлення	reflective vests	світловідбиваючі жилети	
angled or head-on collisions	кутові або лобові зіткнення	non-motorized traffic	немоторизований рух	
oncoming traffic	зустрічний рух	reflective strip	світловідбиваюча смуга	
reflective armband	світловідбиваючі нарукавні пов’язки	bicycle lamp	велосипедний світлоповертач	

Task 1.3.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations to form sentences:

1.	A rear-end collision, from behind, in the same lane of travel, occurs when, another vehicle might rely on eyewitness testimony, a driver strikes , from others who saw the crash.
2.	Victims of these types of accidents,  for costly medical fees, lost wages, and their destroyed property, should never be held responsible. 
3.	Cyclists who don't follow, might be deemed, or don't keep a proper lookout, responsible for an accident, road rules.
4.	In order to minimize the risk, understand the rules of the road, cyclists need to maximize their visibility, of intersection accidents with cars, learn to recognize some of the most dangerous intersection hazards.
5.	Most car insurance policies, medical expenses, lost wages, and suffering caused, a car and a bicyclist, by accidents involving, cover such losses as injuries,. 
6.	Our aim is, visibility of officers, to improve, and efficiency, to use technology, within the force.
7.	Avoid wearing, though they, tinted sunglasses at night,  during dusk and dawn when the sun is still out, may be helpful.
8.	Driving during the day, after all, is safer, humans are biologically geared, in the daylight, to being active, and drivers and pedestrians, and aware of things, are more attantive, during the day.
9.	At sunrise,  the sun can shine, leaving many motorists, directly into drivers’ eyes, and before sunset, driving with a glare.

Task 1.3.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. fatality, visibility, dusk, crash, pedestrian, accessory, collision, exacerbate, low-income, pavement, rear-end collision

B. a person walking rather than travelling in a vehicle; relating or belonging to people who earn low wages, (of a country) having a low national income; unprotected road users; the time just before night when the daylight has almost gone but when it is not completely dark; an occurrence of death by accident, in war, or from disease; a violent collision, typically of one vehicle with another or with an object; occurs when a vehicle crashes into the one in front of it; a thing which can be added to something else in order to make it more useful, versatile, or attractive;the degree to which something has attracted general attention; prominence; make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse; a raised paved or asphalted path for pedestrians at the side of a road; an instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another.

Task 1.3.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. fatality; 2. crash; 3. stationary vehicle; 4. low-income; 5. reflective equipment; 6. accessory; 7. reflective vests; 8. road crash; 9. pedestrian; 10. highly-motorized countries; 11. angled or head-on collisions; 12. poor weather conditions; 13. non-motorized traffic; 14. cyclist collision; 15. colourful clothing; 16. oncoming traffic; 17. bicycle lamp; 18. reflective armband; 19. visibility; 20. road traffic injury prevention;21. inadequate visibility; 22. rear-end collision; 23. middle-income countries; 24. collision; 25. pavement; 26. reflective strip; 27. poor street lighting; 28. exacerbate; 29. dusk.

Task 1.3.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1.пішохід; 2. запобігання запобігання травмам внаслідок дорожньо-транспортної пригоди; 3. недостатня видимість; 4. зіткнення ззаду; 5. світловідбиваюче обладнання; 6. барвистий одяг; 7. погані погодні умови; 8. поглиблювати; 9. додаткове устаткування; 10. світловідбиваючі жилети; 11. Велосипедний світлоповертач; 12. дорожньо-транспортна пригода; 13. високомоторизовані країни; 14. транспортний засіб у нерухомому стані; 15. зіткнення; 16. сутінки; 17. тротуар; 18. зустрічний рух; 19. світловідбиваючі нарукавні пов’язки; 20. оглядовість; 21. аварія; 22. зіткнення (транспортних засобів); 23. країни із середнім рівнем доходу; 24. погане вуличне освітлення; 25. зіткнення велосипедистів; 26. смерть (на війні, від нещасного випадку); 27. кутові або лобові зіткнення; 28. малозабезпечений; з низьким рівнем доходу; 29. світловідбиваюча смуга; 30. немоторизований рух; 31. незахищені учасники дорожнього руху.

Task 1.3.7. Read and translate the text below:

Seeing and being seen are fundamental pre-requisites for the safety of all road users. Inadequate visibility is an important factor that influences the risk of a road crash among all types of road users. In South Africa approximately 40% of road fatalities are pedestrian fatalities and accident investigations often reveal that the pedestrians have not been visible to motorists.
International Overview
The World Health Organization has provided more detail on the need for visibility on the road in the World Report on road traffic injury prevention. These findings include the following:
In highly-motorized countries, inadequate visibility plays an important role in three types of crash:
•	at night, vehicles that run into the rear or sides of slowly moving or stationary vehicles
•	during the day, angled or head-on collisions
•	at all times, rear-end collisions that occur in poor weather conditions
In low-income and middle-income countries, the poor visibility of pedestrians and vehicles is a serious problem. The mix of motorized and non-motorized traffic, together with poor street lighting, increases the risk of unprotected road users not being seen. Non-use of low-cost interventions such as bicycle lamps or reflective equipment exacerbates already unsafe conditions.
The extent to which poor visibility contributes to road traffic crashes varies between countries, between types of road user and types of studies.
Pedestrians
•	A large proportion of pedestrian and cyclist collisions in low-income countries occur around dusk, dawn or at night, possibly because of poor visibility. 
•	Colourful clothing, accessories and vehicle parts can make pedestrians, riders and non-motorized vehicles more visible to all road users. Never assume that you have been seen – many disturbances might attract the attention of the motorist. Be wary. Most drivers are nice people, but don't count on them paying attention. Watch out - make eye contact to be sure they see you! 
•	Brightly coloured clothing or accessories may be suitable alternatives to the reflective vests that are used in high-income countries. The use of bright colours for wheels and rear ends of non-motorized vehicles (e.g. rickshaws) may also have the potential to increase visibility. Pedestrians must, if possible, not walk in the road but on the pavement. If there is no pavement, walk as near to the edge as possible, facing the oncoming traffic. 
•	Reflective armbands or reflective strips on clothing or book cases could also enhance visibility of scholars.

Task 1.3.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Слід забезпечити дзеркалами або іншими засобами, які забезпечують оглядовість певних зон у пасажирському салоні.
2.	Відблиски джерел світла або інших освітлених об'єктів, а також сонячні відблиски повинні якомога менше заважати зовнішній оглядовості та отриманню візуальної інформації з приладів, що розташовані на панелі управління автобусом.
3.	Відблиски на вітровому склі від внутрішніх джерел світла мають бути мінімальними. 
4.	Відблисків на вітровому склі, які можуть заважати оцінюванню ситуації на дорозі, не повинно бути.
5.	Зони максимальної оглядовості: проходи між рядами; зони входу/виходу, за винятком тих, що перебувають у межах поля зору водія.
6.	Обмежена оглядовість — це видимість дороги у напрямку руху, яка обмежена геометричними параметрами дороги, придорожніми інженерними спорудами, насадженнями та іншими об'єктами, а також транспортними засобами.
7.	Обмежена оглядовість під час руху негативно позначається на безпеці як водія, так і інших учасників руху.
8.	«Мертва зона» попереду – це зона, яка знаходиться безпосередньо перед транспортним засобом і є недоступною для оглядовості з робочого місця водія. 

Task 1.3.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

rural communities	сільські громади	local conditions	місцеві умови	
high-mounted brake lights	стоп-сигнали, встановлені високо	cost-effective intervention	економічно ефективне впровадження	
pedestrian and cyclist collision	зіткнення з пішоходами та велосипедистами	inappropriate	недоречним	
white helmet	білий шолом	steady light	постійне світло	
dual responsibility	подвійна відповідальність	lack of visibility	відсутність видимості	
daytime running lights	денні ходові вогні	ankle band	смужка на щиколотці	
reduce visibility	зменшити видимість	highly visible clothing	добре видимий одяг	
significant factor	суттєвий фактор	flashing light	мигаюче світло	
visibility-related motorcycle collision	зіткнення з мотоциклом, пов'язане з видимістю	differences in climate and cost	відмінності в кліматі і вартості	
bright clothing	яскравий одяг	mandatory	обов'язковий	

Task 1.3.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:

A	B	
The use of car daytime running lights can also reduce pedestrian and cyclist collisions. 	Денні ходові вогні показали себе економічно ефективними у багатьох країнах північної півкулі.	
The smartest piece of legislation in recent years have been the requirement to add reflective strips at the back of trucks and trailers.	Велосипед, який їздить у темряві або навіть при слабкому освітленні, повинен мати червоне світло на задній панелі та біле світло на передній панелі.	
Reflective vests used by riders of motorized two-wheelers can increase visibility.	Світловідбиваючий матеріал можна бачити з усіх ракурсів, на відміну від фар, які мають бути в зоні видимості, щоб бути видимими.	
High-mounted brake lights, positioned on the back windscreen of cars, increase their visibility.	Світловідбиваючі жилети, що використовуються водіями моторизованих двоколісних транспортних засобів, можуть підвищити видимість.	
Daytime running lights have been shown to be a cost-effective intervention in many countries in the northern hemisphere. 	Використання денних ходових вогнів може також зменшити зіткнення автомобіля з пішоходами й велосипедистами.	
Reflective material can be seen from all angles unlike lights which need to be in line of sight to be visible.	Наймудрішим у законодавстві останніх років була вимога додати світловідбиваючі смуги на задній частині вантажних автомобілів і причепів.	
A bike ridden in the dark or even low light must have a red light on the rear and a white light on the front.	Стоп-сигнали, розташовані у верхній частині заднього вітрового скла автомобілів, збільшують їхню видимість.	

Task 1.3. 11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. lack of visibility; 2. flashing light; 3. bright clothing; 4. reduce visibility; 5. rural communities; 6. significant factor; 7. dual responsibility; 8. steady light; 9. ankle band; 10. highly visible clothing; 11. pedestrian and cyclist collision; 12. high-mounted brake lights; 13. daytime running lights; 14. mandatory; 15. inappropriate; 16. differences in climate and cost; 17. cost-effective intervention; 18. local conditions; 19. white helmet; 20. visibility-related motorcycle collision.

Task1.3.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. добре видимий одяг; 2.  зіткнення з мотоциклом, пов'язане з видимістю; 3. недоречний; 4. зіткнення з пішоходами та велосипедистами; 5. відсутність видимості; 6. постійне світло; 7. щиколотка; 8. обов'язковий; 9. білий шолом; 10. відмінності в кліматі і вартості; 11. сільські громади; 12. суттєвий фактор; 13. подвійна відповідальність; 14. мигаюче світло; 15. яскравий одяг; 16. високі стоп-сигнали; 17. місцеві умови; 18. денні ходові вогні; 19. зменшити видимість; 20. економічно ефективне впровадження.

Task 1.3.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 1.3.2, 1.3.9 in case of difficulties.

The lack of visibility is a significant factor in crashes between cyclists and cars. It is important for cyclists to do their part to make sure that they are seen. It is acknowledged by responsible cycling and biking groups that road safety is a dual responsibility. Even though you might be able to find your way in the dark at low speed, this does not mean that you are safe - the other road user might not be able to see you! A bike ridden in the dark or even low light must have a red light on the rear and a white light on the front. They can be flashing or steady, but they must be visible for at least 200m.
Suggestions:
•	Wear bright clothing and it is best if some of it is reflective. 
•	Ankle bands attract attention because they’re moving. 
•	Reflective material can be seen from all angles unlike lights which need to be in line of sight to be visible. 
•	‘Daytime running lights’ are those used on the front of motorized vehicles (two-wheeler or four-wheeler) to improve visibility while traveling during daylight hours. Some countries have made the use of daytime running lights mandatory. 
•	Daytime running lights for motorized two-wheelers have been shown to reduce visibility related crashes in several countries by between 10% and 15% .
•	A New Zealand study found that wearing white helmets and highly visible clothing would reduce visibility-related motorcycle collisions by 45%. 
•	Reflective vests used by riders of motorized two-wheelers can increase visibility. However, some reflective vests used in high-income countries may be inappropriate for many low-income and middle-income countries because of the differences in climate and cost. Brightly coloured clothing or accessories may be suitable alternatives. 
•	To increase the visibility of cyclists, many high-income countries now require that bicycles are equipped with lights and with front, rear, and wheel reflectors. Studies in the Netherlands suggest that use of bicycle lighting could reduce the incidence of bicycle collisions by 30%.
•	Laws requiring mandatory daytime running lights can reduce the incidence of daytime crashes of four-wheeled vehicles by 10–15%. The use of car daytime running lights can also reduce pedestrian and cyclist collisions. 
•	Daytime running lights have been shown to be a cost-effective intervention in many countries in the northern hemisphere. 
•	High-mounted brake lights, positioned on the back windscreen of cars, increase their visibility. The use of these brake lights has led to a 15–50% reduction in rear-end crashes. These lights have been adopted in many countries.
•	Perhaps the smartest piece of legislation in recent years have been the requirement to add reflective strips at the back of trucks and trailers – this is proof that a little expense can save much!
When driving in South Africa, it is important to consider local conditions. Many informal settlements in South Africa are situated next to highways –thereby increasing the risk of further pedestrian fatalities. Children attending schools in rural communities walk several kilometers next to the roads to and from their schools. It is important for motorists not only to concentrate on their own ability to see – but also on the ability of other motorists and road users to see them! (https://www.arrivealive.mobi/)

Unit 4
Information Devices & Controls

Task 1.4.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
1.	alert (попередження (про небезпеку)) – an announcement or signal warning of danger. An alert is a situation in which people prepare themselves for something dangerous that might happen soon.
2.	dashboard (панель приладів) – the panel facing the driver of a vehicle or the pilot of an aircraft, containing instruments and controls. The dashboard in a car is the panel facing the driver's seat where most of the instruments and switches are.
3.	steering column (кермова колонка) – a shaft that connects the steering wheel of a vehicle to the rest of the steering mechanism. ‘Cars are being designed to improve survivability of the driver and passengers, side impact bars, airbags, crush zones, soft steering columns and fittings, etc.’
4.	tangent (дотичний, суміжний) – touching, but not intersecting, a curve or curved surface. The dashboard beneath the steering wheel, bounded by a horizontal tangent to the top of the steering column at its uppermost position.
5.	uppermost (переважаючий) – highest in place, rank, or importance. If something is uppermost in a particular situation, it is the most important thing in that situation.
6.	alarm (тривога, сигналнебезпеки, аварійний сигнал попередження про небезпеку) – a warning of danger, a warning sound or device. An alarm is an automatic device that warns you of danger, for example by ringing a bell.
7.	extremity (кінець, край) – the furthest point or limit of something. А vertical line projected from the left- and right-hand extremities of the wheel rim and the top of the dashboard.
8.	rear (задній, розташований позаду) – The back part of something, especially a building or vehicle. ‘However, by using the right analogue stick, you can train the camera on both sides and the rear of your vehicle.’
9.	mirror (відбивати, віддзеркалювати) – to show a reflection of. If something mirrors something else, it has similar features to it, and therefore seems like a copy or representation of it.
10.	gangway (прохід між рядами (крісел)) – a passage between rows of seats. Side console to the right of the driver, limited to the left by the distance to the seat (minimum 100 mm), limited to the front by the rear border of Zone C, limited to the right depending on regulations about gangways, and limited to the rear by the cabin walls. 
11.	seat (сидіння) – thing made or used for sitting on, such as a chair or stool. SPpoints located on the left and right, 530 mm vertically above the H-point of the seat when it is in its furthest forward and lowest position, and 170 mm either side of the centreline of the seat.
12.	range (межа) – the area of variation between upper and lower limits on a particular scale. Range bounded by two forward-facing hemispheres of 750 mm radius constructedfrom both the left and right shoulder points.

Task 1.4.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

wheel rim	обід колеса (керма)	side console	бічна консоль	
supplementary plane	додаткова площина	cabin walls	стінки кабіни	
left-hand driven vehicle	колісний транспортний засіб із лівобічним управлінням	centre line	центральна вісь	
right-hand driven vehicle	колісний транспортний засіб із правобічним управлінням.	the left and right shoulder points
	точки лівого та правого плеча	
forward-facing	спрямований    вперед	standing passanger	пасажири, які стоять	
uppermost position	найвище положення	horizontal tangent	горизонтальна дотична	
service door	службові двері	length axis	повздовжня вісь	
hemisphere	півкуля	integrated	інтегрований	

Task 1.4.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations to form sentences:

1.	We don't want, but they should be alerted to , to alarm people unnecessarily, potential dangers.
2.	Excessive, should be avoided, the tyre on the wheel rim, use of lubricant, to prevent, slipping of.
3.	Where, it shall be, the “worst case”, a steering column, of a tyre, is used, corresponding to, conditions.
4.	Controls,  the driver, on the dashboard, the display on or off, allow, to turn, select, to display or adjust, which information, the image format.
5.	For this reason, in the convoy, should always, the last vehicle, facing the rear, be one with armed troops.
6.	A vehicle door, to rpovide access, can be opened, to the opening, to secure it, or closed.
7.	Passengers, on the left side. through a doorway, of the fuselage, entered the cabin.
8.	A child safety seat, is a restraint which, or child restrain system, is secured, of an automobile equipped, to the seat, with safety harnesses, to hold a child, or seat belts, in the event of a crash. 
9.	The European Commission, to be banned from, a list of items, aircraft cabins, has drawn up.

Task 1.4.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. gangway, steering column, dashboard, rear, tangent, centre line, alert, range, mirror, seat.
B. touching, but not intersecting, a curve or curved surface;a real or imaginary line through the centre of something, especially one following an axis of symmetry; the back part of something, especially a building or vehicle; the panel facing the driver of a vehicle or the pilot of an aircraft, containing instruments and controls; show a reflection of;a passage between rows of seats; the area of variation between upper and lower limits on a particular scale; a shaft that connects the steering wheel of a vehicle to the rest of the steering mechanism; thing made or used for sitting on, such as a chair or stool; an announcement or signal warning of danger.

Task 1.4.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. alert; 2. tangent; 3. supplementary plane; 4. alarm; 5. extremity; 6. forward-facing; 7. uppermost position; 8. rear; 9. seat; 10. length axis; 11. left-hand driven vehicle; 12. range; 13. gangway; 14. uppermost; 15. the left and right shoulder points; 16. standing passenger; 17. mirror; 18. centre line; 19. wheel rim; 20. cabin walls; 21. steering column; 22. service door; 23. dashboard; 24. horizontal tangent; 25. side console; 26. right-hand driven vehicle; 27. integrated; 28. hemisphere.

Task 1.4.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. кермова колонка; 2. тривога, сигнал небезпеки; 3. панель приладів; 4. дотичний; 5. обід колеса; 6. додаткова площина; 7. прохід між рядами (крісел); 8. колісний транспортний засіб із лівобічним управлінням; 9. спрямований    вперед; 10. найвище положення; 11. інтегрований; 12. службові двері; 13. аварійний сигнал попередження про небезпеку;  14. відображати, віддзеркалювати; 15. кінець, край; 16. самий верхній, вищий; 17. задній, розташований позаду; 18. бічна консоль; 19. центральна вісь;  20. простір; межі; 21. точки лівого та правого плечей; 22. стоячі пасажири; 23. повздовжня вісь; 24. півкуля; 25. стінки кабіни; 26. сидіння; 27. колісний транспортний засіб із правобічним управлінням; 28. горизонтальна дотична.

Task 1.4.7. Read and translate the text below:

	Information devices and controlsISO 16121-3:2011
This part of ISO 16121 specifies requirements for the location of information devices and controls.
It applies to the driver's workplace in low-floor buses designed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat, and having a maximum weight exceeding five metric tonnes and a maximum width exceeding 2,30 m.
Normative references	
 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
•	ISO 16121-1, Road vehicles — Ergonomic requirements for the driver's workplace in line-service buses — Part 1: General description, basic requirements
•	ISO 2575, Road vehicles — Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales
•	ISO 4040, Road vehicles — Location of hand controls, indicators and tell-tales in motor vehicles
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
1.1 low-floor vehicle in which at least 35 % of the area available for standing passengers (or of its forward section in the case of an articulated vehicle) forms a single area without steps, reached through at least one service door by a single step from the ground
1.2 early warning
a visual signal, no immediate action required
1.3 alert
a visual signal alarm, immediate action required
1.4 Zone A
a zone on the dashboard beneath the steering wheel, bounded by a horizontal tangent to the top of the steering column at its uppermost position, a vertical line projected from the left- and right-hand extremities of the wheel rim and the top of the dashboard (see Figure 1)
1.5 Zone B
a zone to the left of the steering wheel limited to the right by outer diameter of steering wheel, limited to the left and front by the hand reach R (see Figure 1 and 2), limited to the rear by the plane transverse to the length axis of the seat up to a maximum of 60 mm below steering wheel centre (central position) as advised by the manufacturer
1.6 Zone C
the same shape as Zone B, but mirrored to the right of the steering wheel (see Figure 1)
1.7 Zone B1
a supplementary plane, starting nearest to the driver at the end of Zone B with the same width and continuing spreading downwards (see Figure 1 Figure 1)
Note 1 to entry: Zone B1 may be integrated into Zone B.
3.1.8 Zone C1
a supplementary plane mirrored to Zone B1, adjacent to Zone C (see Figure 1)
Note 1 to entry: Zone C1 may be integrated into Zone C.
1.9 Zone D
a side console to the left of the driver, limited to the right by the distance to the seat (minimum 100 mm), to the front by the rear border of Zone B, and to the left and rear by the cabin walls (see Figure 1)
1.10 Zone E
a side console to the right of the driver, limited to the left by the distance to the seat (minimum 100 mm), limited to the front by the rear border of Zone C, limited to the right depending on regulations about gangways, and limited to the rear by the cabin walls (see Figure 1)
1.11 Zone F
a roof console over driver's workplace, out of the hand reach of a seated driver (see Figure 1 Figure 2)
1.12 hand reach range
a range bounded by two forward-facing hemispheres of 750 mm radius constructed from both the left and right shoulder points
1.13 shoulder point
SPpoints located on the left and right, 530 mm vertically above the H-point of the seat when it is in its furthest forward and lowest position, and 170 mm either side of the centreline of the seat
2   Abbreviated terms
LHD	left-hand driven vehicle	
RHD	right-hand driven vehicle

Figure 1 — Definition of zones, top view

Key
A	Zone A (1.4.)	
B	Zone B (1.5.)	
B1	Zone B1 (1.7.)	
C	Zone C (1.6.)	
C1	Zone C1 (1.8.)	
D	Zone D (1.9.)	
E	Zone E (1.10.)	
H	small person	
R	hand reach range = 750 mm	
SP	shoulder point	

Figure 2 — Definitions of zones, side view

Key
1	steering wheel	
2	dashboard	
A	Zone A (1.4.);         	
B	Zone B (1.5.)	
B1	Zone B1 (1.7.); 	
C	Zone C (1.6.)	
C1	Zone C1 (1.8.)	
D	Zone D (1.9.)	
E	Zone E (1.10.)	
F	Zone F (1.11.)	
H	small person	
R	hand reach range = 750 mm	
SP	shoulder point	

Task 1.4.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Шкали контрольно-вимірювальних приладів мають чотири зони - білу, зелену, жовту і червону. Біла і зелена зони на контрольних приладах відповідають нормальному режиму роботи контрольованих систем; жовта зона - допустимому (попереджає) режиму; червона зона - аварійного режиму.
2.	На автобусах ЛАЗ-42021 і ЛіАЗ-5256 додатково є: двострілочний манометр зі шкалою 0980 кПа для контролю тиску повітря в гальмівній системі; сигнальна лампа зі світлофільтром червоного кольору, що сигналізує про наявність аварійного тиску повітря в гальмівній системі.
3.	На автобусах Ікарус-260 -280 всі запобіжники об'єднані в блок, розміщений в кабіні водія; крім цього, запобіжники встановлені в моторному відсіку для захисту розташованих там електроприладів.
4.	Експлуатація автобусу з невідрегульованим світлом фар, несправними світловими і звуковими сигнальними приладами та електропроводкою заборонена.
5.	Для з'єднання джерел і споживачів електроенергії в ланцюгах низької напруги застосовуються багатожильні дроти марки ПГВА (дроти гнучкі з ізоляцією з полівінілхлоридного пластику, автомобільні). Ізоляція таких проводів не піддаються дії нафтопродуктів, стирання, еластична.
6.	Оглядовість робочої зони характеризується величиною добре видимого водієм простору у вертикальній і горизонтальній площинах. 
7.	Швидкість реакції і точність робочих рухів у великій мірі залежать від зручності робочого місця водія, яке має створювати сприятливі умови праці та виключати можливість виникнення аварій, спричинених перенапруженням при роботі водія.
8.	Великий вплив на роботу водія має правильна посадка, яка визначається як "спокійне положення в стані готовності". 
9.	Спинка сидіння не повинна бути фіксована, сидіння має регулюватися по висоті і в горизонтальному напрямку. 
10.	За відсутності сприятливих умов робота водія супроводжується додатковими м'язовою і нервовою напругами, що викликають підвищену стомлюваність.

Task 1.4.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

interoperability standards	стандарти взаємодії	human-vehicle interaction	взаємодія людини з транспортним засобом	
methods and tools	методи та засоби	technical specifications	технічні умови	
user interface	інтерфейс користувача	to eliminate personal exhaustion	усунути  особисте виснаження 	
improvement of  mental conditions	поліпшення психічного стану
	lead to increasing productivity	призводити до підвищення продуктивності	
modular and plug-in technologies	модульні та штепсельні технології	occupant-vehicle interaction	взаємодія водія з транспортним засобом	
driver cabin’s ergonomics	ергономіка кабіни водія	high speed rail transport	високошвидкісний залізнодорожній транспорт	
ergonomic criteria	критерії ергономіки	to be under debate	обговорюватися 
	
to reduce the risk of mistake	зменшити ризик помилки	reduce the accidents and costs	зменшення аварій і витрат	
redesign of the working space	перепланування робочого простору	heat and sound insulation	тепло- та звукоізоляція
	
noise attenuation	ослаблення транспортного шуму	sidewall cladding	облицювання боковини	
clear visibility	чітка видимість
	renewal of the driver seat	відновлення сидіння водія	
outer steel shell	зовнішня сталева оболонка	eye contact	зоровий контакт	
appropriate panelling	відповідні панелі
	provision of space	забезпечення простору	
control-command systems	системи управління та керування	proper arrangement of gauges	правильне розташування датчиків	

Task 1.4.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:

A	B	
Автобуси обладнані безконтактними спідометрами і електронними тахометрами (контролюють частоту обертання колінчастого валу двигуна).	Other buses electric devices. These devices include electric wipers, electric clocks, electric heaters for the driver's cabin and cabin, fan cabin, etc.	
Під оглядовістю автомобіля мається на увазі одне з його конструктивних властивостей, що визначає об'єктивну можливість для водія бачити робочу зону, шлях руху і об'єкти, які можуть заважати його руху.	In order to protect electric circuits and devices against short-circuit and overload, buses have fusible and thermobimetallic fuses.	
Для захисту електричних кіл і приладів при коротких замиканнях і перевантаженнях автобуси мають плавкі і термобіметалеві запобіжники.	Buses are equipped with contactless speedometers and electronic tachometers (control the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft of the engine).	
Інші електричні прилади автобусів. До цих приладів належать: електричні склоочисники, електричні годинники, електричні обігрівачі кабіни водія і салону, вентилятор кабіни і т. п. 	The reaction speed and precision of the modern car driver work movements are the most important traffic safety factors.	
Конструкція і внутрішнє облаштування кабіни повинні забезпечувати водієві вільний вхід в зимовому одязі, зручне положення на сидінні, та можливість вільно оперувати важелями і педалями.	Under the visibility of the car is meant one of its constructive properties, which determines the objective opportunity for the driver to see the working area, the path and objects that can interfere with its movement.	
Швидкість реакції і точність робочих рухів водія сучасного автомобіля є найважливішими факторами забезпечення безпеки руху. 	Such conditions under which the driveris able to observe the path of movement and objects, not doing excessively complicated movements must be created.	
 Водієві повинні бути створені такі умови, за яких він міг би спостерігати за шляхом руху і об'єктами, не роблячи при цьому надмірно складних рухів.	The design and interior dimensions of the cabin should provide the driver with free entrance to the winter clothes, comfortable position in the seat, comfortable operation of the levers and pedals.	

Task 1.4.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. high speed rail transport; 2. human-vehicle interaction; 3. noise attenuation; 4. ergonomic criteria; 5. to be under debate; 6. reduce the accidents and costs; 7. appropriate panelling; 8. outer steel shell; 9. eye contact; 10. interoperability standards; 11. occupant-vehicle interaction; 12. technical specifications; 13. to reduce the risk of mistake; 14. improve the mental conditions; 15. heat and sound insulation; 16. control-command systems; 17. driver cabin’s ergonomics; 18. modular and plug-in technologies; 19. to eliminate personal exhaustion; 20. redesign of the working space; 21. clear visibility; 22. sidewall cladding; 23. proper arrangement of gauges; 24. methods and tools; 25. user interface; 26. lead to increasing productivity; 27. renewal of the driver seat; 28. provision of space.

Task 1.4.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. cтандарти взаємодії; 2. взаємодія водія з транспортним засобом; 3. зменшити ризик помилки; 4. поліпшення психічного стану; 5. відповідні панелі; 6. методи та засоби; 7. інтерфейс користувача; 8. перепланування робочого простору; 9. облицювання боковини; 10. системи управління та керування; 11. ергономіка кабіни водія; 12. ослаблення транспортного шуму; 13. взаємодія людини з транспортним засобом; 14. технічні умови; 15. обговорюватися; 16. усунути власне (особисте) виснаження; 17. призводить до підвищення продуктивності; 18. тепло- та звукоізоляція; зоровий контакт; 19. високошвидкісний залізнодорожній транспорт; 20. модульні та штепсельні технології; 21. критерії ергономіки; 22. зменшення аварій і витрат; 23. чітка видимість; 24. зовнішня сталева оболонка; 25. правильне розташування датчиків; 26. відновлення сидіння водія; 27. забезпечення простору;

Task 1.4.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 1.4.2, 1.4.9 in case of difficulties.

The engine’s design relies on the driver cabin’s comfort and ergonomics
Benefiting from a complete set of interoperability standards, the new products for high speed rail transport are based on the driver cabin’s ergonomics, which is achieved following criteria such as safety and comfort. The human-vehicle interaction is extremely important for railway manufacturers.
Currently, new methodologies supporting the incorporation of human-vehicle interaction elements within the overall vehicle design and prototyping processes are being developed; effective architecture for intelligent vehicle monitoring using fault-tolerant, modular and plug-in technologies. The aim is to achieve an ergonomic vehicle design, to develop cognitive engineering technologies for effective driver-vehicle or occupant-vehicle interaction and technologies for improved cabin environment. Experts in the field believe that it is necessary to develop a set of technical specifications for freight train driver cabins and a different set of specifications for passenger trains, seeing as freight trains spend more time in traffic than passenger trains.
The most recent EC Decision which dates back from 2008 concerning the technical specifications for interoperability for the “rolling stock” sub-system of the trans-European high speed rail system stipulates that all regular driving activities should be performed sitting down.
The requirements on health, safety and ergonomics are currently under debate. The ergonomic criteria, methods and tools to evaluate the development of user interfaces must be properly applied in conjunction to get actual improvements in the usability of an interface.
By using the ergonomic factor in the design of an engine cabin, the manufacturer tries to reduce the risk of mistake and to eliminate personal exhaustion and therefore, improve the mental conditions of staff and reduce the accidents and costs, leading to increasing productivity.
Whether we are talking about designing a new driver cabin or the modernisation of an older one, all activities should take into account the ergonomic factor, including the redesign of the working space and renewal of the driver seat.
New concepts for the cabin interior
The new design of the cabin involves appropriate panelling, comfortable seats, clear visibility for the operators, proper arrangement of gauges, provision of space for tools etc., for improved comfort of the operator. The problems of heat and sound insulation are also addressed while developing the cabin interiors. In addition, safety features such as increase in roof height inside the cabin, illumination of the cabin, ergonomically correct placement of various instruments, are also addressed.
The cabin interior has to be designed in order to provide good elegance and to provide maximum comfort to the users. As vibration dampening is an inherent property of composites, sidewall cladding and air space at the outer steel shell contributed effectively for achieving noise attenuation as well as heat insulation. The space between driving consoles has to be increased considerably to facilitate free movement of personnel and the height adjusted to ensure eye contact between driver & assistant.
          The development of a smart seat with sensors and feedback will increase human performance and productivity. Experts in the field believe that, according to European standards, one of the most important aspects related to the design of a new locomotive is comfort. To that end, specific solutions should be developed, such as displays and adapted control-command systems, as well as ‘wrap-around’ driver’s instrument displays. Experts have classified comfort as having many different definitions: comfort is ‘subjective’ (for the engine driver), it is determined by various factors (the composite materials used in the manufacture of the locomotive) and it is a reaction to the environment/product. (https://www.railwaypro.com )

Unit5
Cabin Environment

Task 1.5.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
1.	sophisticated (ускладнений) – (of a machine, system, or technique) developed to a high degree of complexity. The systems found in today's automobiles are much more sophisticated than the systems commonly used in automobiles just a few years ago.
2.	efficiency (продуктивність) – the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in. Electric compressors are generally quieter, smaller, lighter and more efficient than their predecessors.
3.	packaging (комплектація) – the presentation of a person or thing in an advantageous way. Recent advances have centered around efficiency, weight, packaging and power management issues related to climate systems.
4.	bulky (громіздкий)) – taking up much space; large and unwieldy. Traditional air conditioning units relied on bulky compressors that ran off auxiliary engine power.
5.	compartment (відділення) – a separate section or part of a structure or container. Traditional systems treated the vehicle interior as one large compartment.
6.	duct (канал) – a tube or passageway in a building or machine for air, liquid, cables, etc. Some manufacturers included rear vents which required complicated routing ducts and routinely competed with other drive train components for space.
7.	restrict (обмежувати) – to put a limit on; to keep under control. With the increased usage of Air Conditioning/Heating in automobiles, fogged windshields become a problem as they restrict the driver's visibility.
8.	windscreen (лобове скло) – a glass screen at the front of a motor vehicle. The windscreen of a car or other vehicle is the glass window at the front through which the driver looks.
9.	knob (кнопка) – a round button for adjusting or controlling a machine. Usually, there are knobs present on the dashboard that help defog the windshield.
10.	condensation (конденсація, конденсат) – water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it. Today, more advanced systems do not require human intervention to begin the defogging process, as the humidity and temperature sensors, placed at different points inside the vehicle, reduce the AC compressor as and when condensation takes place.

Task 1.5.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

auxiliary engine power	потужність допоміжного двигуна	humidity and temperature sensors	датчики вологості та температури
	
engine emissions	викиди двигуна
	heated steering wheels	кермо з підігрівом	
predecessor	попередник	defogging process	процес усунення запотівання (скла)	
recirculate the air	рециркуляція повітря
	air vent	вентиляційний отвір	
fuel economy	економія палива	climate system	кліматична система	
heated and cooled seats	обігрів та охолодження сидіння	significant energy savings	значна економію енергії
	
multi-zone climate control	багатозональний клімат-контроль
	vehicle interior	салон автомобіля
	
scent-enhanced air conditioning	кондиціонер з ароматизатором	hybrid vehicle	гібридний транспортний засіб	
forefront	передня частина	bulky	громіздкий	

Task 1.5.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations to form sentences:

1.	The primary purpose,  manage the temperature, of automatic climate control is to, for the comfort, of a given area, of onboard passengers.
2.	Heat is transferred, in the vehicle, to a high-temperature region, from a low-temperature region, due to the pressure difference.
3.	Since heat, the refrigerant, always flows from hot to cold, must be much hotter, to be able to move, than the outside air, heat out of the system. 
4.	The air conditioning compressor, the central air conditioning units, the heart of, is known as. 
5.	Modern cars, to have, are designed, a constant through-flow, keeps the interior apmosphere, of fresh air that, pleasant even with, shut, all the windows.
6.	The incoming air, by the engine, can be heated, to keep the windows, and the car interior, clear of mist, at a chosen temperarure. 
7.	The desire, has led to the development of, inside an automobile, the climate control system, for even more comfort and luxury. 
8.	One downside, of the air entering, that the temperature, the cabin is completely dependent, of air conditioning is, on the ambient air temperature outside. 
9.	More advanced systems, that will be entering the car, to predetermine the amount of heat, on the dashboard, use sunlight detectors, through solar radiation.
10.	 Most cars these days, with climate control being an optional extra or standard on more expensive models, will come with air conditioning as standard.
	
Task 1.5.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. packaging; restrict; knob; sophisticated; bulky; efficiency; condensation; duct; compartment; forefront; windscreen.
B. water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it; (of a machine, system, or technique) developed to a high degree of complexity; a glass screen at the front of a motor vehicle; the presentation of a person or thing in an advantageous way; put a limit on; keep under control;the leading or most important position or place; a separate section or part of a structure or container; the ratio of the useful work performed by a machine or in a process to the total energy expended or heat taken in;a round button for adjusting or controlling a machine;taking up much space; large and unwieldy;a tube or passageway in a building or machine for air, liquid, cables, etc.

Task 1.5.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. heated and cooled seats; 2. efficiency; 3. hybrid vehicle; 4. compressor; 5. duct; 6. knob; 7. sophisticated; 8. fuel economy;9. significant energy savings; 10. forefront; 11. auxiliary engine power;12. compartment; 13. vehicle interior;14. restrict; 15. defogging process; 16. recirculate the air; 17. heated steering wheels;18. engine emissions; 19. climate system;20. bulky;21. predecessor; 22. air vent;23. windscreen; 24. humidity and temperature sensors; 25. scent-enhanced air conditioning; 26. packaging;2 7. multi-zone climate control; 28. condensation.

Task 1.5.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. oбігрів та охолодження сидіння; викиди двигуна; 2. монтаж; 3. салон автомобіля; 4. обмежувати; 5. кнопка; 6. рециркуляція повітря; 7. ускладнений; 8. значну економію енергії; 9. передня частина; 10. відділення; 11. конденсат; 12. потужність допоміжного двигуна; 13. багатозональний клімат-контроль; 14. лобове скло; 15. попередник; 16. відділення; 17. канал; 18. датчики вологості та температури; 19. кліматична система; 20. громіздкий; 21. вентиляційний отвір; 22. кермо з підігрівом; 23. економія палива; 24. продуктивність; 25. процес усунення запотівання (скла); 26. кондиціонер з ароматизатором; 27. гібридний транспортний засіб.

Task 1.5.7. Read and translate the text below:

Cabin Environment Controls
Cabin environment controls in automobiles are primarily heating and cooling systems. However, the systems found in today's automobiles are much more sophisticated than the systems commonly used in automobiles just a few years ago. Higher end vehicles commonly feature options such as heated and cooled seats, heated steering wheels, and even scent-enhanced air conditioning. Passenger comfort is the driving force behind the environment controls in vehicles, but the impact of these systems goes far beyond comfort alone. With increasing concern surrounding fuel economy and engine emissions, cabin environment control systems have come under the microscope as a potential area of significant energy savings in vehicles. Recent advances have centered around efficiency, weight, packaging and power management issues related to climate systems. The introduction of hybrid vehicles brought an unexpected power management issue to the forefront. Traditional air conditioning units relied on bulky compressors that ran off auxiliary engine power. This posed a problem for hybrid vehicles due to the fact that they regularly operate without the engine running. As a result, manufacturers developed electric compressors. Electric compressors are generally quieter, smaller, lighter and more efficient than their predecessors.
A major focus area in modern climate systems is multi-zone climate control. Traditional systems treated the vehicle interior as one large compartment. The air vents were placed primarily with driver comfort in mind. This would often result in poor circulation in the rear of the vehicle. Some manufacturers included rear vents which required complicated routing ducts and routinely competed with other drive train components for space. These early systems typically did not provide rear passengers with individual temperature control capability. Multi-zone climate control functionality gives individual passengers separate controls for each zone. The HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) unit is usually placed in the vehicle's instrument panel or behind the dashboard.
With the increased usage of Air Conditioning/ Heating in automobiles, fogged windshields become a problem as they restrict the driver's visibility. Usually, there are knobs present on the dashboard that help defog the windshield, This process clears the windshield every time a condensation takes place. Today, more advanced systems do not require human intervention to begin the defogging process, as the humidity and temperature sensors, placed at different points inside the vehicle, reduce the AC compressor as and when condensation takes place.

Cabin environmental control systems recirculate the air in the cabin, routing it through a heating and/or air conditioning core that adjusts the temperature and humidity before blowing the air back into the cabin. The microprocessor controls get input from temperature and humidity sensors that are usually located inside the return air ducts. A pressure sensor reads the pressure within the AC system and, in some vehicles, a CO2 sensor determines the amount of carbon dioxide in the cabin to help regulate the amount of outside air that is mixed with the recirculated cabin air. The controller adjusts the air flow by adjusting the position of motor driven dampers in the air ducts.

Task 1.5.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Температура внутрішніх поверхонь кабіни не повинна відрізнятися від температури повітря в кабіні більш ніж на 3° С.
2. Кабіна повинна бути обладнана захисними козирками, шторками та іншими засобами захисту від сонячного випромінювання, а також засобами теплозахисту від працюючого двигуна, що забезпечують залишкове теплове опромінення водія від обшивки кабіни - не більше 35 Вт/м2, від вікон - не більше 100 Вт/м2.
3. Системи вентиляції, опалення, кондиціонування повітря повинні забезпечувати регулювання повітряних потоків в кабіні транспортного засобу із забезпеченням оптимальних умов і усувати запотівання і обмерзання скла кабіни.
4. Контроль стану повітряного середовища в кабіні транспортного засобу повинен здійснюватися з урахуванням виду використовуваного палива і концентрацію шкідливих речовин у повітрі робочої зони водія.
 5. Транспортний засіб не повинен допускатися до експлуатації, якщо його кабіна не має передбачених технічною документацією утеплювачів або килимків.
6. Ступені отруєння і його прояви надзвичайно різноманітні і залежать від концентрації чадного газу в повітрі і тривалості впливу його на організм водія. 
7. Підвищена концентрація парів палива і шкідливих домішок відпрацьованих газів у повітрі кабіни проявляється погіршенням роботи органів зору і слуху, порушенні координації рухів, передчасному настанні втоми, появі сонливості.
8. Мікроклімат кабіни характеризується температурою повітря, його вологістю і швидкістю переміщення. 
9. Знижена температура повітря зменшує швидкість і точність рухів, а робота при підвищеній температурі швидше стомлює водія, знижує його увагу і збільшує час реакції. 
10. Ефективним заходом зниження температури повітря при сильній спеці є вентиляція та конденсування кабіни. Велика вологість повітря при високій температурі сприяє переохолодженню водія та застуді.

Task 1.5.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

cabin temperature sensor	датчик температури кабіни	front bumper area	область переднього бампера	
infrared temperature sensors	інфрачервоні датчики температури	exterior temperature sensor	зовнішній датчик температури
	
thermistor	терморезистор	junction	місце, точка з'єднання	
accuracy	точність	thermocouple	термоелемент	
engine oil	машинне мастило	interference	перешкода	
exhaust gas recirculation system	система рециркуляції відпрацьованих газів	fuel temperature sensors	датчики температури палива
	
dissimilar metals	різні метали	thermo-resistive	терморезистивний	
valve body	корпус клапана	coolant	охолоджувач	
exhaust gas temperature sensor	датчик температури вихлопних газів	platinum measuring resistor	платиновий вимірювальний резистор	
prone	похилий	intake manifold	впускний колектор	

Task 1.5.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:

A	B	
Мікроклімат кабіни — це сукупність температури, вологості і швидкості руху повітря. Вплив його на організм багато в чому залежить від стану здоров'я водія, ступеня загартованості організму до впливів несприятливих метеорологічних факторів і робочого одягу. 	The glass on the side windows should be double, deterministic, with a coating, which reduces the heat exchange of the cabin with the external environment, and have a positive curvature. In addition to curtains, special blinds should be provided.	
Повітря кабіни автомобіля може містити пари бензину і шкідливі домішки відпрацьованих газів: вуглеводні, оксиди азоту, чадний газ, що може привести до отруєння організму. 	To solve the problem of maintaining a constant comfortable temperature in the cabin of the bus in the warm season air conditioners are used.	
Знижена температура повітря викликає посилену віддачу тепла і сковує рух рук і ніг водія, знижує швидкість і точність його рухів, що може привести до помилок при керуванні автомобілем.	At too high a temperature in the cabin (25 ° C and above) the psychophysiological characteristics of the driver are significantly reduced, the functions of the central nervous system are reduced, attention is diminished, the ability to concentrate, the feeling of caution is weakened, the driver's reaction time increases, and it allows for more errors.	
Для вирішення завдання підтримки постійної комфортної температури в салоні автобуса в теплу пору року стали використовувати повітряні кондиціонери. 	Car cabin air can contain vapour of gasoline and harmful impurities of exhaust gases: hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, which can lead to poisoning the body.	
Конструкція системи кондиціювання повинна виключати можливість охолодження повітря в зоні голови людини (водія , пасажира) більше ніж на 8 °С відносно температури зовнішнього середовища.	Reduced air temperature causes an increased return on heat and constrains the movement of the hands and feet of the driver, reduces the speed and accuracy of its movements, which can lead to errors in driving a car.	
При занадто високій температурі в кабіні (25° С и вище) значно знижуються психофізіологічні характеристики водія, порушуються функції центральної нервової системи, знижується увага, здатність до зосередження, послабляється почуття обережності, збільшується час реакції водія, і він допускає більше помилок.	The microclimate of the cabin is a combination of temperature, humidity and air velocity. Its impact on the body largely depends on the state of health of the driver, the degree of firmness of the organism to the effects of adverse weather conditions and working clothes.	
Скло на бокових вікнах повинно бути подвійним, детермальним, з покриттям, що зменшує теплообмін салону з зовнішнім середовищем, і мати додатну кривизну. Крім занавісок, мають бути передбачені спеціальні жалюзі.	The design of the air conditioning system should exclude the possibility of cooling the air in the area of the head of a person (driver, passenger) more than 8 ° С relative to the temperature of the external environment.	

Task 1.5.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. thermocouple; 2. thermo-resistive; 3. interference; 4. platinum measuring resistor; 5. front bumper area; 6. thermistor; 7. junction;8. accuracy; 9. intake manifold; 10. engine oil; 11. exhaust gas recirculation system; 12. infrared temperature sensors; 13. cabin temperature sensor; 14. fuel temperature sensors; 15. valve body; 16. exterior temperature sensor; 17. dissimilar metals; 18. prone; 19. coolant; 20. exhaust gas temperature sensor.

Task 1.5.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1.терморезистор; 2. похилий; 3. впускний колектор; 4. корпус клапана; 5. область переднього бампера; 6. термоелемент; 7. різні метали; 8. точність; 9. охолоджувач; 10. датчик температури вихлопних газів; 11.
інфрачервоні датчики температури; 12. терморезистивний; 13. перешкода; 14. машинне мастило; 15. система рециркуляції відпрацьованих газів; 16. зовнішній датчик температури; 17. місце, точка з'єднаннямісце, точка з'єднання; 18. датчики температури палива; 19. датчик температури кабіни; 20. платиновий вимірювальний резистор.

Task 1.5.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 1.5.2, 1.5.9 in case of difficulties.

Temperature Sensors
Automotive temperature sensors are used to measure temperature at many places in an automobile, and usually consist of either a thermistor (thermally sensitive resistor), thermocouple, resistance temperature detector (RTD), or infrared device. Thermocouples are usually used for higher temperature measurements (such as exhaust gas temperatures), and infrared sensors are used where direct contact with the object being sensed is undesirable.
Thermocouples operate on the principle that a voltage that changes with temperature can be produced by a junction of two dissimilar metals joined together.  Thermocouples can be used when very fast response times are needed.
RTDs rely on certain metals' (usually platinum, nickel, or copper) thermo-resistive behavior to detect changes in temperature.  RTDs respond to temperature changes very linearly and can achieve good accuracy.
Thermistors are made from a semiconductor material whose resistance varies with temperature. Thermistors have two variations: positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC). These types refer to the direction of resistance change with respect to an increase in temperature. For instance, a PTC type's resistance will increase with a rise in temperature. An NTC type will behave in the opposite manner. Thermistors generally have lower temperature limits than a thermocouple or an RTD, but they are less prone to signal interference.
Engine Temperature Sensoris installed in the coolant circuit. The engine control module uses its signal to determine the temperature of the engine. The measuring range of this type of sensor is usually from -40 degrees to +130 degrees Celsius.
The air temperature sensor is installed in the intake manifold and is used to measure the temperature of the engine intake air. The engine control module uses the air temperature and pressure to calculate the intake air mass. The measuring range of this type of sensor is usually from -40 degrees Celsius to +120 degrees Celsius.
Engine Oil Temperature Sensor is used to calculate the temperature of the engine oil. The measuring range of engine oil temperature sensor is generally from -40 degrees to +170 degrees Celsius.
The exhaust gas temperature sensor usually employs a platinum measuring resistor. Information from this sensor is used to regulate the exhaust gas recirculation system in an engine. This sensor is mounted in the exhaust system of the engine. The measuring range is usually from -40 degrees to +1000 degrees Celsius.
Fuel temperature sensors are located along the fuel delivery system, and provide feedback to the PCM as to the state of the fuel system. Temperature ranges of these sensors is between -40 and 160 degrees Celsius.
Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensoris located on the valve body of automatic transmissions and is used to measure the temperature of the transmission fluid. The measuring range of this sensor is approximately -40 degrees to 210 degrees.
Tire and Brake Disc Temperature Sensors are usually located in an area around the tire envelope, where the sensor can "view" the radiation emitted by either the tire or the brake disc. Since direct contact with these elements is not desirable, infrared temperature sensors are usually employed (see McLaren Electronic Systems link in more information below).
Auxiliary Heater Temperature Sensor. Some auxiliary systems (e.g. seat heaters) that may be installed on certain vehicles will also have an associated temperature sensor to accompany them. These sensors provide feedback necessary to control these systems.
The exterior temperature sensor allows a person inside the vehicle to know the temperature outside of the vehicle. It is often located around the front bumper area.
The cabin temperature sensor is usually found around or within the steering column. It measures the temperature within the vehicle, which will signal to the HVAC system to either increase or decrease the temperature to fit a desired temperature range.

PART II. HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit 1
Workplace Safety &Health

Task 2.1.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
1.	disability insurance (страхування на випадок втрати працездатності) – a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities; an arrangement by which a company or the state undertakes to provide a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a specified premium. There are two main types of disability insurance — short-term and long-term coverage.
2.	health and well-being (здоров’я та добробут) – the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy; the state of being free from illness or injury. Intended to protect the health and well-being of youth in America, the FLSA (The Fair Labour Standards Act) contains minimum age restrictions for employment, restrictions on the times of day youth may work, and the jobs they may perform.
3.	work-related injury and illness (тілесне ушкодження або хвороба набута на роботі) – an injuryorillnessdirectlyrelatedto the performance ofwork.Office of Workers' Compensation Programs administers four major disability compensation programs which provide wage replacement benefits, medical treatment, vocational rehabilitation and other benefits to certain workers or their dependents who experience work-related injury or occupational illness.
4.	occupational disease (професійне захворювання) – a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. The Federal Employees' Compensation Act provides workers' compensation coverage to three million federal and postal workers around the world for employment-related injuries and occupational diseases. 
5.	medical treatment (медичне обслуговування) – medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury. Office of Workers' Compensation Programs administers four major disability compensation programs which provide wage replacement benefits, medical treatment, vocational rehabilitation and other benefits to certain workers or their dependents who experience work-related injury or occupational disease.
6.	vocational rehabilitation (професійна реабілітація (після втрати працездатності тощо)) – to restore (someone) to health or normal life by training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness. The Department of Labour's OWCP administers four major disability compensation programs which provide wage replacement benefits, medical treatment, vocational rehabilitation, other benefits to federal workers (or their dependents) who are injured at work or acquire an occupational disease.
7.	miner (гірник; шахтар; рудокоп) – a person who works in a mine. The Mine Act holds mine operators responsible for the safety and health of miners; provides for the setting of mandatory safety and health standards, mandates miners' training requirements; prescribes penalties for violations; and enables inspectors to close dangerous mines.
8.	transportation worker (працівник, який займається перевезеннями) –a person who operates and/or maintains vehicles that transport people or cargo. Nearly every employee in the nation comes under OSHA's jurisdiction with some exceptions such as miners, some transportation workers, many public employees, and the self-employed.
9.	self-employed (який обслуговує власне підприємство; фрілансер) – working for oneself as a freelance or the owner of a business rather than for an employer. The self-employed workforce generates $1.2 trillion in revenue for the U.S. economy.
10.	ombudsman (омбудсмен; особа, призначена урядом для розбору скарг приватних осіб на державні установи; організація, яка розглядає скарги) – an official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against a company or organization, especially a public authority. Office of the Ombudsman for the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program (EEOMBD) and the SHARE initiative also play a role in the administration of DOL workplace safety and health programs.
11.	Department of Labour (DOL) – Міністерство юстиції (США). Three Department of Labour (DOL) agencies have responsibility for the administration and enforcement of the laws enacted to protect the safety and health of workers in America.
12.	occupational hazard (професійний ризик) – a risk accepted as a consequence of a particular occupation. Catching colds is unfortunately an occupational hazard in this profession.

Task 2.1.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

public employee	державний (або урядовий) службовець	mining and mineral processing	Видобування і виробництво мінеральної сировини (корисних копалин)	
law enactment	прийняття закону	method of extraction	спосіб видобутку	
restriction
	обмеженість, відсутність свободи дій	federal and state standarts	федеральні та державні стандарти	
benefit	матеріальна допомога	wage and hour division	розподіл годин роботи та заробітної платні	
experience	досвід	responsibility	обов'язок, зобов'язання	
Occupational Safety Laws	законодавство про техніку безпеки на виробництві	Office of Workers' Compensation Programs	програма виплати компенсації офісним працівникам	
minimum age for employmentrestriction	вікові обмеження при прийнятті на роботу	child labour provision
	постанова про використання дитячої праці	
enforcement
	застосування /дотримання  (закону)	jurisdiction
	юрисдикція	
young workers	недосвідчені співробітники	limits on the hours	межі робочого часу	

Task 2.1.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1.	Juveniles, nightshifts, may, overtime, not, nor, on, work, days-off. 
2.	The, execute, employer, payments, victims, relatives, expense, agreement, employment, can, additional, own, to, and, their, in, at, his, under, the, collective, or. 
3.	Aged 14-15 years, employed, juveniles, are, only, agreement, subject, administration, guardianship, to, of, the, school, board, and, parents, police. 
4.	The, with, in, employer, working, workplaces, normative, conditions, provide, acts, must, in accordance. 
5.	Terms, employment, cannot, provisions, contradict, normative acts, and, conditions, comprise, the laws, of an agreement, and other, which, on labor protection. 
6.	The employee, inform, or employer, must, circumstances, immediately, his manager, of the arising. 
7.	Women, in excess, lifting weights, be engaged for, of the established, may not, rate. 
8.	Due to, accidents, the service, into record, or disease, an occupational, is included, the disability. 
9.	The employer, factors, should, accidents, elimination of, and, occupational diseases, ensure, which cause. 
10.	Occupational safety is, preventive measures, ability to work, social and economic, and therapeutic, a human being, organizational and technical, sanitary hygienic, and ways, aimed at and, of,  in the process of work, a system of legal, maintaining health.

Task 2.1.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. inact; restriction; federal; responsibility; self-employed; benefit; wage; rehabilitation; experience; jurisdiction; enforcement; ombudsman.

B. restore (someone) to health or normal life by training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness; the official power to make legal decisions and judgements; the limitation or control of someone or something, or the state of being restricted; the act of compelling observance of or compliance with a law, rule, or obligation; a fixed regular payment earned for work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis; a payment made by the state or an insurance scheme to someone entitled to receive it; an official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against a company or organization, especially a public authority; put into practice (an idea or suggestion); the knowledge or skill acquired by a period of practical experience of something, especially that gained in a particular profession; having or relating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs; working for oneself as a freelance or the owner of a business rather than for an employer; the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone.

Task 2.1.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. disability insurance; 2. health and well-being; 3. work-related injury and illness; 4. occupational disease; 5. miner; 6. transportation worker; 7. public employee; 8. self-employed; 9. ombudsman; 10. mining and mineral processing; 11. method of extraction; 12. occupational hazard; 13. young workers; 14. restriction; 15. medical treatment; 16. vocational rehabilitation; 17. child labour provision; 18. limits on the hours; 19. federal and state standarts; 20. law enactment; 21. responsibility; 22. enforcement; 23. benefit; 24. juriosdiction; 25. wage and hour division; 26. minimum age restriction; 27. experience; 28. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act; 29. Office of Workers' Compensation Programs; 30. Department of Labour.

Task 2.1.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. страхування на випадок втрати працездатності; 2. той, хто обслуговує власне підприємство; 3. здоров’я та добробут; 3. омбудсмен; 4. медичне обслуговування; 5. федеральні та державні стандарти; 6. гірник; шахтар; рудокоп; 7. Міністерство юстиції; 8. спосіб видобутку; 9. відсутність свободи дій; 10. видобування і виробництва мінеральної сировини (корисних копалин); 11. тілесне ушкодження або хвороба набута на роботі; 12. юрисдикція; 13. матеріальна допомога; 14. прийняття закону; 15. програма виплати компенсації офісним працівникам; 16. розподіл годин роботи та заробітної платні; 17. професійне захворювання; 18. працівник, який займається перевезеннями; 19. професійна реабілітація; 20. державний (або урядовий) службовець; 21. професійний ризик; 22. вікові обмеження для прийняття на роботу; 23. досвід; 24. недосвідчені співробітники; 25. застосування /дотримання  (закону); 26. законодавство про техніку безпеки на виробництві; 27. обов'язок, зобов'язання; 28. постанова про використання дитячої праці; 29. межі робочого часу; 30. матеріальна допомога.

Task 2.1.7. Read and translate the text below:

Three Department of Labour (DOL) agencies have responsibility for the administration and enforcement of the laws enacted to protect the safety and health of workers in America.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA administers the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act.Safety and health conditions in most private industries are regulated by OSHA or OSHA-approved state plans.Nearly every employee in the nation comes under OSHA's jurisdiction with some exceptions such as miners, some transportation workers, many public employees, and the self-employed.Employers subject to the OSH Act also have a general duty to provide work and a workplace free from recognized, serious hazards.
Mine Safety and Health Administration. DOL's MSHA has responsibility for administration and enforcement of the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, which protects the safety and health of workers employed in the nation's mines.The Act applies to all mining and mineral processing operations in the United States, regardless of size, number of employees, or method of extraction.
The Fair Labour Standards Act. FLSA contains rules concerning the employment of young workers, those under the age of 18, and is administered and enforced by DOL's Wage and Hour Division. Intended to protect the health and well-being of youth in America, the FLSA contains minimum age restrictions for employment, restrictions on the times of day youth may work, and the jobs they may perform.
Other resources. Office of Workers' Compensation Programs administers four major disability compensation programs which provide wage replacement benefits, medical treatment, vocational rehabilitation and other benefits to certain workers or their dependents who experience work-related injury or occupational disease.Office of the Ombudsman for the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program (EEOMBD) and the SHARE initiative also play a role in the administration of DOL workplace safety and health programs.
Youth Worker Safety & Health. Congress sought to promote the safety, health, well-being, and opportunities for the education of young workers by including the child labour provisions in the Fair Labour Standards Act (FLSA). The FLSA sets limits on the hours youth under the age of 18 may work and the occupations in which such young workers may be employed. The Wage and Hour Division, through its enforcement and administration of the FLSA, has primary responsibility for the protection of young workers. All Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) rules also apply to young workers. Youth under age 18 cannot work in the mining industry. All states have rules concerning the employment of young workers. When federal and state standards are different, the rules that provide the most protection to young workers apply. (https://www.dol.gov)

Task 2.1.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Роботодавець зобов’язаний дбати про належне утримання будівель і споруд, виробничого обладнання та устаткування, здійснювати моніторинг їхнього технічного стану.
2.	Усі працівники, згідно із законом, підлягають загальнообов’язковому  державному соціальному страхуванню від нещасного випадку на виробництві. 
3.	Працівникові не можна пропонувати роботу, яка відповідно до медичного висновку  заборонена йому за станом здоров’я. 
4.	Держава враховує певні фізичні, фізіологічні та інші особливості неповнолітніх і виявляє турботу про здоров’я молодого покоління.
5.	До виконання робіт підвищеної небезпеки допускаються особи за наявності висновку психофізіологічної експертизи.
6.	Умови трудового договору не можуть містити положень, що суперечать законам та іншим нормативно-правовим актам з охорони праці.
7.	Забороняється залучати жінок до підіймання вантажу, маса якого перевищує встановлені норми.
8.	Роботодавець розробляє і затверджує положення, інструкції, інші акти з охорони праці, що діють у межах підприємства.
9.	Забороняється застосовувати працю жінок на важких роботах і на роботах із шкідливими або небезпечними умовами праці.
10.	Керівник підприємства забезпечує пропаганду безпечних методів праці та співробітництво з працівниками у галузі охорони праці.

Task 2.1.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

miller	фрезерувальник	harbour	гавань, порт	
compensation	відшкодування	fund	кошти	
financialburden	фінансовий тягар	longshore	береговий	
coal mine worker	працівник вугільної копальні 	black lung	антракоз, "чорні легені"	
attributable to the disease	який відноситься до хвороби	toxic exposure	токсичний вплив	
medical coverage	медичне страхування	pneumoconiosis	пневмоконіоз	
uranium miner	шахтар, що працює на урановій копальні	ore transporter	транспортувальник руди 	
beryllium	берилій	silica	двоокис кремнію	
vendor	постачальник	radiation	радіоактивне випромінювання	
beryllium sensitivity	чутливість до берилію	chronic silicosis	хронічний силікоз	
current employee
	штатний працівник 	radiogenic cancer	рак спричинений радіоактивним впливом 	
state and local government agencies	державні та місцеві урядові організації	chronic beryllium disease
	хронічні хвороби
спричинені впливом берилію	
private company
	приватна компанія	wage replacement
	компенсація у розмірі заробітної плати	

Task 2.1.10. Match the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column
B: 

A	B	
Якщо потерпілий не зможе виконувати попередню роботу, то йому запропонують навчання і перекваліфікацію, а також працевлаштування відповідно до медичних рекомендацій.	Compensation for the harm in case of the employees’ health damage or death is paid by the Social Insurance Fund against Accidents in accordance with the law.	
Матеріальна відповідальність наступає лише у випадку прямої та реальної шкоди за умови, що ця шкода була завдана підприємству незаконними діями (бездіяльністю) особи.	If the victim is not able to execute the previous work, he shall be offered training and retraining and further employment in accordance with medical recommendations.	
Інспектори з охорони праці мають право припинити експлуатацію заводів, фабрик, цехів, дільниць, підрозділів до усунення порушень, які загрожують здоров'ю або життю працівників. 	Disciplinary liability can be imposed by an agency authorized to employ workers.	
Дисциплінарну відповідальність може накладати агентство, уповноважене наймати працівників. 	Criminal liability ensues if infringement of the labour protection legislation resulted in danger to life or to health of citizens.	
Посадові особи, які винні за порушення правил охорони праці, підлягають адміністративним штрафам. 	Pecuniary liability is imposed only in case of a direct and real damage on condition that this damage was caused to the enterprise by the person’s illegal actions (inactions).	
Кримінальна відповідальність настає тоді, коли порушення вимог законодавства про охорону праці поставило під загрозу життя або здоров’я громадян. 	Inspectors of labour protection are authorized to suspend exploitation of plants, factories, workshops, sections, divisions until removal of infringements which endanger employees’ health or life.	
Відшкодування в разі ушкодження або смерті працівників виплачується Фондом соціального страхування від нещасних випадків у відповідності до закону. 	Officials who are at fault for infringement of labor protection regulations are liable to administrative fines.	

Task 2.1.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. private company; 2. state and local government agencies; 3. financial burden; 4. wage replacement; 5. current employee; 6. vendor; 7. radiogenic cancer;  8. chronic beryllium disease; 9. beryllium sensitivity; 10. chronic silicosis; 11. radiation; 12. beryllium; 13. silica; 14. uranium miner; 15. miller; 16. ore transporter; 17. toxic exposure; 18. longshore; 19. fund; 20. appropriate; 21. harbour; 22. pneumoconiosis; 23. attributable to the disease; 24. medical coverage; 25. coal mine worker; 26. black lung; 27. compensation.

Task 2.1.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. фрезерувальник; 2. відшкодування; 3. фінансовий тягар; 4. працівник вугільно добувної копальні; 5. який відноситься до хвороби; 6.  медичне страхування; 7. шахтар, що працює на урановій копальні; 8. берилій; 9. постачальник; 10.  чутливість до берилію; 11. хронічний силікоз; 12. рак спричинений радіоактивним впливом; 13. хронічні хвороби спричинені впливом берилію; 14. державні та місцеві урядові організації; 15. приватна компанія; 16. компенсація у розмірі заробітної плати; 17. радіоактивне випромінювання; 18. двоокис кремнію; 19. працюючий робітник; 20. гавань, порт; 21. кошти; 22. береговий; 23. антракоз, "чорні легені"; 24. токсичний вплив; 25. пневмоконіоз; 26. транспортувальник руди; 27. відповідний.

Task 2.1.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 2.1.2, 2.1.9 in case of difficulties:

Worker’s Compensation
Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP)
The Department of Labour's OWCP administers four major disability compensation programs which provides to federal workers (or their dependents) who are injured at work or acquire an occupational disease: wage replacement benefits, medical treatment, vocational rehabilitation, other benefits.
Other specific groups are covered by:Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program, Federal Employees' Compensation Program, Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Program, Black Lung Benefits Program.
These entities serve the specific employee groups who are covered under the relevant statutes and regulations by mitigating the financial burden resulting from workplace injury. Individuals injured on the job while employed by private companies or state and local government agencies should contact their state workers' compensation board.
The Department of Labour has several programs designed to prevent work-related injuries and illnesses.
The Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act (EEOICPA) was enacted in October 2000. Part B of the EEOICPA, effective on July 31, 2001, compensates current or former employees (or their survivors) of the Department of Energy (DOE), its predecessor agencies, and certain of its vendors, contractors and subcontractors, who were diagnosed with a radiogenic cancer, chronic beryllium disease, beryllium sensitivity, or chronic silicosis, as a result of exposure to radiation, beryllium, or silica while employed at covered facilities. The EEOICPA also provides compensation to individuals (or their eligible survivors) awarded benefits by the Department of Justice under Section 5 of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA). Part E of the EEOICPA (enacted October 28, 2004) compensates DOE contractor and subcontractor employees, eligible survivors of such employees, and uranium miners, millers, and ore transporters as defined by RECA Section 5, for any occupational illnesses that are causally linked to toxic exposures in the DOE or mining work environment. 
Division of Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation (DLHWC). The mission of DLHWC is to minimize the impact of land based, maritime employment injuries and deaths on the injured employees and their families by ensuring that workers' compensation benefits are provided promptly and properly under the following laws:Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA), Defense Base Act (DBA), Non-Appropriated Fund Instrumentalities Act (NAFIA), Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA).
Benefits paid under the LHWCA and its extensions totaled $1.4 billion in CY2016.  Excluding beneficiaries who are covered by the Special Workers’ Compensation Fund, the DLHWC generally does not issue benefit decisions or payments directly to injured workers.  The role of the DLHWC is to provide technical assistance, dispute resolution services and oversee benefit delivery by the self-insured employers and insurance carriers it authorizes and regulates. 
Division of Coal Mine Workers' Compensation (DCMWC). The Division of Coal Mine Workers' Compensation, or Federal Black Lung Program, administers claims filed under the Black Lung Benefits Act. The Act provides compensation to coal miners who are totally disabled by pneumoconiosis arising out of coal mine employment, and to survivors of coal miners whose deaths are attributable to the disease. The Act also provides eligible miners with medical coverage for the treatment of lung diseases related to pneumoconiosis.
Division of Federal Employees' Compensation (DFEC). The Federal Employees' Compensation Act provides workers' compensation coverage to three million federal and postal workers around the world for employment-related injuries and occupational diseases. The Division of Federal Employees' Compensation (DFEC) has responsibility for administering the Act through its twelve district offices and national office.

Unit 2
Hazardous Substances: Their Effect on Human Body and Protection against Their Impact.

Task 2.2.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
1.	substance (речовина)– a particular kind of matter with uniform properties; the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists and which has a tangible, solid presence. Harmful (toxic) substances can be in solid, liquid and gaseous states. 
2.	hygiene (гігієна) – conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease, especially through cleanliness. Occupational hygiene is the branch of preventive medicine which develops scientific fundamentals and practical measures for ensuring improvement of work conditions in order to preserve employees’ health and high level of work ability and to prevent occupational injuries, diseases and others work-related negative consequence.
3.	sanitation (санітарія) – conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal. Production sanitation is a complex of measures aimed at enhancement of work conditions, elimination of harmful factors and occupational diseases prevention, which rises productivity and efficiency and production quality.
4.	elimination (усунення; знищення, ліквідація) – the complete removal or destruction of something; the expulsion of waste matter from the body. The elimination of extreme poverty is a key objective. The treatment promotes the elimination of toxins.
5.	productivity (продуктивність; ефективність виробництва; рентабельність) – the effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input. No matter what industry you’re in, there are a number of ways you can help improve productivity in the workplace.
6.	employee (робітник; той, хто працює за наймом) – a person employed for wages or salary, especially at non-executive level. Industrial environment is the totality of physical, chemical, biological and social factors that affect the employee.
7.	temporarily (тимчасово, надеякийчас)– for a limited period of time; not permanently. A worker who has sustained employment injury shall be entitled to periodical payment while he is temporarily disabled.
8.	neuro- (у складних словах має значення (neur -) нерв, нервовий) – relating to nerves or the nervous system. Physical overstrains – static, dynamic, and neuro-psychological factors – mental overstrains, analyzers over-exertion, work monotony, emotional overstrains.
9.	physiological (фізіологічний) – relating to the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. Chemical substances that enter the body in industrial conditions even in relatively small amounts and cause physiological disfunctions are called poisons or toxic agents.
10.	overstrain (перенапруження; надтовеликенапруження) – subject to an excessive demand on strength, resources, or abilities. Overstrain is mental, primarily intellectual, but it can also be caused by long-term worry, personal unhappiness, and disappointments.
11.	concentration (концентрація, міцність розчину) – the concentration of a substance is the proportion of essential ingredients or substances in it. Permissible concentration of harmful substances in work area air are concentrations which within an 8-hour workday and within the whole period of service cannot cause diseases or health abnormalities.
12.	irritants (отруйна речовина подразнюючої дії) – a substance that causes slight inflammation or other discomfort to the body. Irritants affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
13.	toxic (отруйний, токсичний) – relating to or caused by poison. The most toxic compounds are lethal even in tiny doses.
14.	solid (твердий) – firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid. Harmful (toxic) substances can be in solid, liquid and gaseous states. 
15.	liquid (рідина; рідкий; текучий) – a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having a consistency like that of water or oil. Liquids have a variety of uses, as lubricants, solvents, and coolants. In hydraulic systems, liquid is used to transmit power. Pure substances that are liquid under normal conditions include water, ethanol and many other organic solvents
16.	gaseous (газовий, газоподібний) – relating to or having the characteristics of a gas. Water can take all three physical forms of solid,liquid and gaseous.
17.	mutagen (мутаген) – an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, which causes genetic mutation. Mutagens cause genetic cell abnormalities.
18.	allergen (алерген) – a substance that causes an allergic reaction. Allergens change the body reactivity.
19.	carcinogen (канцероген) – a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. Carcinogens cause malignant growth.

Task 2.2.2. Study the word combinations below:

preventive medicine	профілактична медицина	production sanitation	виробнича санітарія	
work area	робоча зона	barometric pressure	барометричний тиск	
air ionization	іонізація повітря	complex of measures	комплекс заходів	
industrial environment	виробниче середовище	occupational injures	професійні захворювання	
occupational hygiene	гігієна праці	electric current	електричний струм	
enzymatic agents	ферментні реагенти	permissible concentration	граничнодопустимі концентрації 	
liver poisons	речовини, що отруюють печінку 	burning agents and irritants	Стимулятори загорання та речовини подразнюючої дії	
physiological dysfunctions	фізіологічні дисфункції 	blood poisons	речовини, що отруюють кров	
nervous system dysfunction	розлад функцій нервової системи	neuro-paralytic agents	речовини, що спричиняють нервово паралітичні реакції	

Task 2.2.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1.	Poisoning, these, cause, substances, occupational. 
2.	Physiological, are, substances, chemical, cause, called, dysfunctions, poisons, agents, which, toxic. 
3.	Liver, the, structure, liver, poisons, changes, effect, in.
4.	Poisonings, this, concentration, can, the, if, diseases, in, exceeds, level, occupational, or, result, permissible, the. 
5.	Continuously, employees, is, area, an area, work, where, of, stay, workplaces, temporarily or. 
6.	The health problems, by working with, can be caused, dangerous substances, and skin irritation, range from mild eye, to severe effects, and cancer, birth defects.
7.	Substance, or, slight, other, that, discomfort, causes, inflammation, to the body. 
8.	Substance, enzyme, specific, acts, catalyst, produced, to bring, reaction, by a living organism, which, as, about, a biochemical. 
9.	Millions of workers, with chemical, come, and biological, into contact, agents, harm them, that can.
10.	Measures, concentration, include, means, and, in the air, sanitation, systematic, protection, control, substances, individual, use of, toxic, of.

Task 2.2.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. safety, preventive, paralysis, overstrain, health, dysfunction, humidity, environment, agent, gene, convulsion, hemoglobin.

B. designed to keep something undesirable such as illness or harm from occurring; a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates; a quantity representing the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere or in a gas; the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury; a sudden, violent, irregular movement of the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles and associated especially with brain disorders; the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates; the state of being free from illness or injury; abnormality or impairment in the operation of a specified bodily organ or system;  a chemical that has a particular effect or is used for a particular purpose; subject to an excessive demand on strength, resources, or abilities; the loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury; a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Task 2.2.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. liver poisons; 2. safety; 3. increased or decreased temperature; 4. air ionization; 5. blood poisons; 6. preventive medicine; 7. paralysis; 8.  overstrain; 9. health; 10. solid; 11. production sanitation; 12. complex of measures; 13.dysfunction; 14. increased level of noise; 15. gaseous; 16.sharp-edged equipment; 17. carcinogen; 18. humidity; 19. environment; 20. work monotony; 21. agent; 22. gene; 23. convulsion; 24.  moving machines and mechanisms; 25. permissible concentration; 26. mutagen; 27.elimination; 28. burning agents and irritants; 29. productivity; 30. hemoglobin; 31.falling items; 32. work area; 33. barometric pressure; 34. occupational injuries; 35. high-altitude works; 36. temporarily.

Task 2.2.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. безпека; 2. параліч;  3. здоров’я; 4. робоча зона; 5. вологість; 6. речовини, що отруюють кров; 7. середовище; 8. барометричний тиск; 9. конвульсії; 10. іонізація повітря; 11. гемоглобін; 12. реагент; 13. граничнодопустимі концентрації; 14. ген; 15. професійні захворювання; 16. Стимулятори загорання та  речовини, що мають подразнювальну дію; 17. дисфункція; 18. перенавантаження; 19. профілактична медицина; 20. комплекс заходів; 21. речовини, що отруюють печінку; 22. виробнича санітарія; 23. тимчасово; 24. твердий; 25. усунення; 26. канцероген; 27. мутаген; 28. продуктивність; рентабельність; 29. газоподібний; 30. гострі краї обладнання; 31. монотонність праці; 32. робота на висоті; 33. підвищений рівень шуму; 34. підвищене або понижене значення температури; 35. рухомі машини і механізми; 36. предмети, що падають.

Task 2.2.7. Read and translate the text below:

Occupational safety as a branch of science appeared on the intersection of social legal, technical and medical science, the science about a human being. The main object of its investigation is a human being in the process of work, industrial environment, organization of work and industry. Based on this research, the means and ways aimed at maintaining health and the ability to work of a human being in the process of work are being developed.
According to the statistics, during the recent years 3 million people, of whom 1 million are women, work in the national economy under the conditions that do not correspond to the sanitary hygienic norms.
Occupational hygiene is the branch of preventive medicine which develops scientific fundamentals and practical measures for ensuring improvement of work conditions in order to preserve employees’ health and high level of work ability and to prevent occupational injuries, diseases and others work-related negative consequence.
Production sanitation is a complex of measures aimed at enhancement of work conditions, elimination of harmful factors and occupational diseases prevention, which rises productivity and efficiency and production quality. 
Industrial environment is the totality of physical, chemical, biological and social factors that affect the employee.
Work area is an area of workplaces where employees stay temporarily or continuously.
According to the Sate Standard (ГОСТ) 12.0.003-74 “Dangerous and harmful industrial factors”, dangerous and harmful industrial factors are divided into:
•	physical (moving machines and mechanisms, products, falling items, increased or decreased temperature, humidity, speed, air ionization and barometric pressure; increased level of noise, vibration and radiation (ionizing, laser, EMF, infrared, ultraviolet and luminous radiation), electric current, sharp-edged equipment, high-altitude works, etc.);
•	chemical (chemical substances);
•	biological (bacteria, viruses, fungi);
•	psychophysical (physical overstrains – static, dynamic, and neuro-psychological factors – mental overstrains, analyzers over-exertion, work monotony, emotional overstrains).
Chemical substances which enter the body in industrial conditions even in relatively small amounts and cause physiological dysfunctions are called poisons or toxic agents. These substances cause occupational poisoning. Harmful (toxic) substances can be in solid, liquid and gaseous states. 
The State Standard (ГОСТ) 12.1.005-88 “General sanitation requirements to work area” stipulates the permissible concentrations of harmful substances in work area air.
Permissible concentration of harmful substances in work area air are concentrations which within an 8-hour workday and within the whole period of service cannot cause diseases or health abnormalities. If the concentration exceeds the permissible level (PL), this can result in occupational diseases or poisonings (table 1).
Table 1. Harmful substances classification
Substance groups	Signs of poisoning	
1.	Neuro-paralytic agents – hydrocarbons, alcohols, ammonium	cause nervous system dysfunction, convulsions, paralysis	
2.	Irritants – chlorine, nitrogen oxides	affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts	
3.	Burning agents and irritants – inorganic acids, alkalines	affect the skin, causes abscesses and ulcers	
4.	Enzymatic agents – cyanic acid, arsenic, mercury salts	changes enzymes’ structure and deactivates them	
5.	Liver poisons – benzene, lead	effect changes in the liver structure	
6.	Blood poisons – benzene, lead	inhibit enzymes, affect blood hemoglobin	
7.	Mutagens – lead and mercury compounds	causes genetic cell abnormalities	
8.	Allergens – nickel compounds, pyridine derivatives	changes the body reactivity	
9.	Carcinogens – aromatic amines	causes malignant growth	

Main measures against harmful substances are, for example, technical measures, which include replacement of toxic substances with non- or less toxic; automation, mechanization, application of remote control in order to eliminate the contact of the employee with toxic substances; hermetization of the equipment using local and general ventilation.
Sanitation measures include systematic control of toxic substances concentration in the air; use of individual protection means; keeping scheduled work-rest regimen.
Medical preventive measures include preliminary and periodical medical examinations, treatment at health resorts.
So, any professional must be acquainted with the legal and organizational issues of occupational safety, physiology fundamentals, problems of occupational hygiene, industrial sanitation, worker safety and also an active position on practical realization of the priority to protect life and health of employees as related to the results of industrial activity, essential in their professional activity. 

Task 2.2.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Хімічні речовини, які проникають в організм в умовах виробництва, і які, навіть у порівняно невеликих кількостях, викликають порушення нормальної життєдіяльності, називають отрутами або токсичними речовинами. 
2.	Технічні заходи захисту від шкідливих речовин такі: заміна токсичних речовин нетоксичними або менш токсичними; автоматизація; механізація, дистанційне управління з метою усунення контакту працівника з токсичними речовинами; герметизація обладнання із застосуванням місцевої та загальної вентиляції. 
3.	Лікувально-профілактичними засобами вважаються – проведення попередніх і періодичних медоглядів; профілактичного і санітарно-курортного лікування. 
4.	Лабораторний метод контролю за вмістом шкідливих речовин полягає у відборі проб повітря у робочій зоні і проведенні фізико-хімічного аналізу в лабораторних умовах. 
5.	Серед санітарно-гігієнічних заходів захисту від шкідливих речовин розрізняють: систематичний контроль вмісту в повітрі токсичних речовин; застосування засобів індивідуального захисту; дотримання встановленого режиму праці і відпочинку. 
6.	Досить популярним є метод безперервної реєстрації вмісту в повітрі шкідливих речовин з використанням газоаналізаторів та газосигналізаторів.

Task 2.2.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

blood supply organs	органи кровопостачання	building walls and edges	стіни та виступи приміщень	
gas-mask	протигаз	arsenic	миш’як	
mucous membranes	слизові оболонки	cement kiln dust	цементний пил	
chemical composition	хімічний склад	acute or chronic body poisoning	гостре або хронічне отруєння	
dust-like materials	пилоподібні матеріали	briquetting and granulation	брикетування і гранулювання	
capsulation	герметизація	aspiration	аспірація	
gastrointestinal tract	шлунково-кишковий тракт	sow	просіювати	
anoxaemia	кисневий голод	exhale	видихати	
respirator	респіратор	overall	комбінезон	
granular materials	сипучі матеріали	slack	вугільний пил	
density	густина	solid treatment	обробка твердих тіл	
dissolve	розчинятися	goggles	захисні окуляри	
fine particles	тонкодисперсні частинки 	sediment	осідати	

Task 2.2.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column B:

А	В	
Електрометричний метод визначення концентрації пилу на робочому столі полягає в електризації аерозольних частинок в полі негативного коронованого розряду та в подальшому вимірюванні електричного заряду, що накопичується на стінках вимірювальної камери і є пропорційним до вмісту пилу в повітрі.	Depending on dust chemical composition, its following types are distinguished organic dust (wood, leather and wool); non-organic dust (cement, quartz);mixed dust (organic and non-organic).	
Нетоксичний пил діє на організм, подразнює шкіру, слизові поверхні, конюктиву очей, а проникаючи в легені, викликає професійн захворювання – пневмоконіоз.	Non-toxic dust can absorb toxic and radioactive substances and gain a certain electric charge, which makes it more harmful.
	
Пил характеризується хімічним складом, розмірами і формою частинок, їхньою густиною, електричними, магнітними та іншими властивостями. 	Electrometric method lies in the electrification of aerosol dust particles in a negative corona discharge field and further measurement chamber and is propotional to dust level in the air.	
Залежно від хімічного складу пил поділяється на органічний (дерево, шкіра, бавовна); неогранічний (цемент, кварц); змішаний (органічний та неорганічний).	Particles larger than 10 mm stay in the nose and the throat and those smaller than 3 mm are exhaled.
	
Частинки розміром більше 10 мкм затримуються в носі та горлі, а розміром менше 3 мкм видихаються.	One of the most efficient method is the weight method, which is based on the principle of making up the weight of analytical filter by blowing a certain volume of the examined air through it.	
Нетоксичний пил може абсорбувати токсичні або радіоактивні речовини, набувати певного електричного заряду, що збільшує його шкідливу дію.	Dust is characterized by the chemical composition, size and form of particles as well as their density, electric, magnetic and other peculiarities.
	
Ваговий метод визначення концентрації пилу ґрунтується на принципі отримання доважки аналітичного фільтру під час пропускання через нього певного об’єму досліджуваного повітря. 	Non-toxic dust affects human body less dramatically: it irritates skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva; dust getting into lungs causes occupational diseases such as the black lung disease.	

Task 2.2.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. granular materials; 2. cement kiln dust; 3. goggles; 4.acute or chronic body poisoning; 5. density; 6. sediment; 7. solid treatment; 8. capsulation; 9. overall; 10. anoxaemia; 11. chemical composition; 12. fine particles; 13. blood supply organs; 14. building walls and edges; 15. dissolve; 16. gas-mask; 17. mucous membranes; 18. slack; 19.sow; 20. respirator; 21. exhale; 22. aspiration; 23. dust-likematerials; 24. gastrointestinaltract; 25. arsenic; 26. briquetting and granulation.

Task 2.2.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. хімічний склад; 2. шлунково-кишковий тракт; 3. тонкодисперсні частинки; 4. миш’як; 5. органи кровопостачання; 6. обробка твердих тіл; 7. вугільний пил; 8. сипучі матеріали; 9. розчинятися; 10. слизові оболонки; 11. осідати; 12. стіни та виступи приміщень; 13. гостре або хронічне отруєння; 14.  густина; 15. цементний пил; 16. захисні окуляри;  17. герметизація; 18. комбінезон; 19. брикетування і гранулювання; 20. протигаз; 21. пилоподібні матеріали; 22. респіратор; 23. аспірація; 24. кисневий голод; 25. видихати, просіювати; 26. видихати.

Task 2.2.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 2.2.2, 2.2.9 in case of difficulties:

Occupational Dust and Its Effect on Human Body
In many workplaces dust is a major problem. However dust can be more than just a nuisance – it can be a killer. This guidance is intended to outline the problems that can be caused by dust and give advice on what employers should do to protect workers.
Dust is simply small particles in the air. Often these particles are too small to be seen but, because they are airborne, they can be breathed in through the nose and mouth. It is the size and chemical nature of the dust particles that determine the effect they have on the body. Larger sized particles are called inhalable dust. Most of this will be filtered out in the nose and throat. Smaller size dust (called thoracic dust) can reach the lungs. If the dust is small enough it can be inhaled deeply. This is called respirable dust. Very small particles can pass through the lungs into other organs of the body. Smaller particles also stay in the air for much longer so can be a danger for a longer period of time.
Usually the smaller particles are the most hazardous but inhalable dust can also cause major health problems. A lot of dust however contains particles of different sizes and may be a mixture of inhalable and respirable.
Dust can be caused by a huge number of processes and comes in many different forms. It is divided into two types - organic and inorganic. Inorganic dusts come from stones, chemicals and metals. Among the inorganic dusts that workers encounter are cement, coal, asbestos, metal, concrete, talc, stone, grout and sand.
Organic dusts come from living things and include dust from textiles, wood, poultry, leather, grain and flour. These often also contain fungal spores and microbes. Dusts can also come from organic chemicals such as pesticides and dyes.
The two most serious health problems caused by dust are cancers of the lungs, throat and nose, and other lung conditions called Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
No one knows how many deaths are caused by workplace cancers. A report in 2007 gave a likely figure of between 7-8,000 for cancers of the lung, the lining of the lung and the nose that are due to work. The TUC believes that this is a low estimate and the true picture could be much worse. A further 4,000 people die each year as a result of COPD caused by exposure to dusts in the workplace. This means that dust is, by far, the biggest cause of work-related death.
However these are not the only cancer and COPDs that dust can cause. Many dusts also cause asthma and other allergies, rhinitis and even heart disease. Many can also be an explosive hazard if they are allowed to build up.
Some of the diseases caused by dust take decades to develop and once symptoms appear it is too late. Often the worker will have left the workplace by the time they develop a cancer or COPD, especially in industries with a high turnover like construction.
There is a general duty on employers to protect the health safety and welfare of their workers and the public. There are also a range of regulations that cover dust.
The main one is called the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH), although employers have to also be aware of other regulations such as the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR).
The COSHH definition of a substance hazardous to health includes dust of any kind when present at a concentration in air equal to or greater than 10 mg/mі of inhalable dust or 4 mg/mі of respirable dust as measured by a formulae that takes account of the length of time that a person is exposed, so it is the equivalent of an 8 hour day. This is called the 8 hour TWA. If any worker is exposed above these levels employers are meant to take action to remove the risk.
In addition some dusts have been assigned specific Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs) and these limits should not be exceeded. There are over 500 substances that have been given a WEL, including many dusts. There are separate regulations covering asbestos dust.
Unfortunately a lot of dust does just not contain one substance. It could be a mixture of different substances, some of which are covered by the dust exposure limit and others may have their own WEL. However if a mixture of dust includes a substance with a WEL then the exposure must be managed at least below the WEL for that substance.
Control Measures
Where there is any exposure above the level of a WEL, the employer should take action. However, this does not mean that the employer can just allow workers to be exposed up to the level of the WEL. The employer must not wait for the dust to become a hazard before acting. COSHH defines a number of trigger points and every employer should undertake a risk assessment. In the case of substances that cause cancer, mutations or asthma the exposure must be reduced to as far as is reasonably practicable. In other cases if there is any evidence of a risk to health, even at below the level of the WEL, employers must remove or reduce the risks.
Employers therefore have a duty to control any hazardous substances, regardless of exposure and there is an order of priority for those actions the employer is meant to take, this is:
• eliminate the use of a harmful substance and use a safer one
• use a safer form of the product, such as paste rather than powder
• change the process to emit less dust
• enclose the process so that the dust does not escape
• extract dust near the source
• have as few workers in harm’s way as possible, and
• provide free personal protective equipment (PPE) such as a respirator. PPE must fit the wearer.
This means that employers cannot protect workers simply by giving them face masks and continue to let them work in dusty conditions. They first have to look at other ways of preventing the dust getting into the air either by using other materials or introducing ways of keeping dust out of the atmosphere.
Often solutions can be simple such as using water to prevent dust being formed during grinding or the cutting of stone or local exhaust ventilation in woodworking workshops.
Using pre-mixed dough in bakeries has also helped cut asthma rates among bakers. COSHH defines a number of trigger points and every employer should undertake a risk assessment
Personal Protective Equipment and Face Marks
Where other methods of controlling dust, including ventilation and extraction, have been tried and there is still dust in the atmosphere, then respirators or face masks should be the last resort. Many face masks are useless against respirable dust, or are so uncomfortable that the wearer does not use them. This is especially true when they are used for long periods as they get wet and uncomfortable. Also the mask has to fit the face of the worker so needs to be available in all sizes, and different protection may be necessary for workers with beards. There are three classes of face mask. The lowest one (P1) only filters 80 per cent of airborne particles. The top range (P3) collects over 99 per cent, but only if there is no leakage and the masks are worn properly and well maintained. The kind of disposable masks found in DIY stores are not suitable for most workplaces.
Detailed advice on breathing protection can be found in the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) guidance HSG53.

Unit 3
Workplace Electrical Safety

Task 2.3.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:
1.	voltage (електрична напруга) – an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts. Places of work generally have power nominally supplied at 230 volt (single phase) and 400 volt (3-phase) although some larger workplaces will receive electricity at a higher supply voltage.
2.	tension (натяг) – ttthe stet of being stretched tight. Keep slack in flexible cords to prevent tension on electrical terminals. 
3.	fission (поділ, розпадання) – division or splitting into two or more parts. Electrochemical effect is the fission of the organic liquids and blood that is accompanied by the considerable changes of their physical and chemical composition.
4.	exfoliation (розшаровування) – (of a material) be shed from a surface in scales or layers. Mechanical action is exfoliation, rupture and impairment of the body tissue as a result of the electro dynamic effect and instantaneous formation of steam.
5.	electric current (електричний струм) –  the flow of charge. There are following types of an electric current effect on a person – biological, thermal, electrochemical and mechanical.
6.	electric shock (електрошок) – a sudden discharge of electricity through a part of the body.
7.	metallization (металізація шкіри) – type of injury due to electric shock. Electric metallization skin is the penetration of shallow metal pieces, which were fused under the action of voltaic arc into the upper skin layers.
8.	irradiation (опромінення) – the process or fact of irradiating or being irradiated. Photoelectric ophthalmology develops in 4-8 hours after the infrared irradiation. 
9.	purulent (гнійний) – consisting of, containing, or discharging pus. Photoelectric shock cause mucous tunic of the eyelids, tears, purulent discharge from eyes, eye spasms and partial loss of eyesight. 
10.	reddening (почервоніння) – something that became red. Infrared irradiation leads to inflammation and reddening of the skin.
11.	iris (райдужна оболонка) – a flat, coloured, ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the center. Photoelectric ophthalmology is the inflammation of the iris that is caused by high-powered steam of ultraviolet rays.
12.	socket (патрон (лампи); штепсельна розетка) – an electric device receiving a plug or light bulb to make a connection. Most people have extension leads in their homes, using 4-way bar adaptors to increase the number of appliances that they can plug into a wall socket. 
13.	knife-switch (рубильник) –  an electric switch in which a flat metal blade, hinged at one end, is pushed between fixed contacts. The short circuits, disconnections of sockets and knife-switches under loading are the reason for electric metallization. 
14.	breakaway voltage (напруга дотику) – tension between two points of an electric circuit. The danger of a breakaway voltage, which is estimated by the size of the electric current, depends on the number of factors.
15.	clonus (посмикування м'язів, клонус) – muscular spasm involving repeated, often rhythmic, contractions. Common causes of clonus are multiple sclerosis, strokes, tumors and trauma.
16.	convulsive tic (конвульсивне скорочення) – producing or consisting of convulsions; a habitual spasmodic contraction of the muscles, most often in the face. Вiological effect causes the unconstrained convulsive tics and lungs clonuses that results into the changes of blood circulation and respiratory system and halts their activity.
17.	phase (фаза) – the relationship in time between the successive states or cycles of an oscillating or repeating system. The single-phase touch happens more frequently, but is less dangerous.
18.	safety device (запобіжник) – a current-activated circuit-breaker used as a safety device for mains-operated electric tools and appliances. Designing the safety device in this form ensures a sufficiently broad profile and guarantees an identical procedure. 
19.	switchboard (розподільчий щит) –  an apparatus for varying connections between electric circuits in other applications. Double touch phase happens while working under voltage at the shields, the replacement of the burnt safety device on a switchboard in a building, the use of the defective individual protective equipment.
20.	step voltage (крокова напруга) – a voltage that is caused by a current flowing in the ground or in a conducting floor and is equal to the potential difference between two points on the surface of the earth. Hazardous step voltage may be produced near the grounding conductors of electrical installations when a ground fault occurs.

Task 2.3.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

electrical installation	електроустаткування	blood vessel	кровоносні судини	
dielectric mittens	діелекричні рукавиці	isolation	ізоляція	
voltaic arc	електрична дуга	exfoliation	розшаровування	
electromagnetic field	електромагнітне  поле	bioelectric processes	біоелектричні процеси	
static electricity	статична електрика	electric burn	електричні мітки	
electric current effect	дія електричного струму	excitation of the living tissue	збудження живої тканини	
electrochemical	електрохімічний	electric blow	електричний удар	
circuit closure 	схеми замикання	neutral terminal	нейтраль	
convulsive heart and lungs clonuses	скорочення м’язів серця та легенів	fission of the organic liquid	розпадання органічних рідин	
electro dynamic effect	електродинамічний ефект	local impairment	місцеві пошкодження	
dielectric shoes	діелектричні боти	specific resistance of soil	питомий опір ґрунту	
high power stream	потужний потік	halt of lungs and heart functions	повне припинення роботи легенів та серця	
damage sequence	наслідки ураження	linear tension	лінійна напруга	
work under voltage at the shields	робота під напругою на щитах	current-carrying parts	струмопровідні частини	
neutral terminal mode	режим нейтралі	burnt safety device	згорілий запобіжник	
phase touch	фазний дотик	switchboard	розподільчий щит	

Task 2.3.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations into sentences:

1.	Places,  and 400 volt (3 phase), some larger workplaces, at a higher supply voltage, of work,  power, at 230 volt (single phase), have nominally supplied, generally, will receive, although, electricity.
2.	There are, and mechanical, thermal, following, on a person, biological, electric current effect, types of, electrochemical.
3.	Keep, to prevent, electrical, on terminals, cords, slack, in flexible, tension. 
4.	Electrochemical effect is, the organic liquids, is accompanied by, the fission of, and blood, composition, that, the considerable, of their physical, changes and chemical.
5.	Mechanical action, as a result of, the electrodynamic, instantaneous formation of, is exfoliation, ruptures, the body tissue, and impairment of, effect, and, steam.
6.	Electric metallization skin is, shallow metal pieces, were fused, voltaic arc, under the action of, skin layers, the penetration of, which, into, the upper.
7.	The step voltage, the result of wires’, on a ground surface, locking onto the ground, appears as.
8.	If a worker,  contact, with electricity, the worker, the electrical source,  not be able, has come into, may, to remove, themselves from.
9.	Electric devices, are placed into, which are accessible, tires, switchboards control, cabinets installations, electrical engineering personnel, only to the, competent.
10.	Designing, in this form, the safety device, a sufficiently broad profile, ensures, an identical procedure, and guarantees.

Task 2.3.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. metallization, iris, voltage, isolation, socket, conductor, electric shock, wire, dielectric, grounded, vessel 

B. metal drawn out into the form of a thin flexible thread or rod; 
an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts; 
having the property of transmitting electric force without conduction;
connected to the earth or to someextended electrically conducting body that serves
as the earth, whether the connection is intentional or accidental; 
the process or fact of isolating or being isolated; 
type of injury due to electric shock;
a duct or canal holding or conveying blood or other fluid; 
a material or device that conducts or transmits heat or electricity, especially when regarded in terms of its capacity to do this; 
a flat, coloured, ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the centre; 
a sudden discharge of electricity through a part of the body; 
an electric device receiving a plug or light bulb to make a connection. 

Task 2.3.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. фаза; 2. запобіжник; 3. напруга; 4. розподільчий щит; 5. конвульсивне скорочення; 6. електродинамічний ефект; 7. збудження живої тканини; 8. електричні мітки; 9. електричний струм; 10. повне припинення роботи легенів та серця; 11. місцеві пошкодження; 12. електрична напруга; 13. поділ (атомного ядра); 14. крокова напруга; 15. розшаровування; 16. скорочення м’язів серця та легенів; 17. струмопровідні частини; 18. біоелектричні процеси; 19. електроустаткування; 20. опромінення; 21. райдужна оболонка; 2. почервоніння; 23. електрошок; 24. кровоносні судини; 25. електромагнітне  поле; 26. діелекричні рукавиці; 27. посмикування м'язів; 28. електрохімічна; 29. штепсельна розетка; 30. гнійний; 31. розшаровування; 32. гальванізація; 33. розподільчий щит; 34. ізоляція; 35. електрична дуга; 36. напруга дотику; 37. електричний удар; 38. розпадання органічних рідин; 39. нейтраль; 40. питомий опір ґрунту; 41. рубильник; 42. лінійна напруга; 43. фазний дотик; 44. режим нейтралі; 45. статична електрика; 46. наслідки ураження; 47. дія електричного струму; 48. схеми замикання; 49. діелектричні боти; 50. потужний потік; 51. робота під напругою на щитах; 52. згорілий запобіжник.

Task 2.3.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. switchboard; 2. bioelectric processes; 3. electrochemical; 4. phase touch; 5. switchboard; 6. exfoliation; 7. electric installation; 8. isolation; 9. tension; 10. neutral terminal; 11. circuit closure; 12. static electricity; 13. dielectric mittens; 14. convulsive heart and lungs clonuses; 15. voltage; 16. electric current effect; 17. electromagnetic field; 18. fission; 19. voltaic arc; 20. safety device; 21. electric burn; 22. exfoliation; 23. blood vessel; 24. phase; 25. specific resistance of soil; 26. electric current; 27. electric blow; 28. electric shock; 29. dielectric shoes; 30. metallization; 31. excitation of the living tissue; 32. step voltage; 33. high power stream; 34. irradiation; 35. halt of lungs and heart functions; 36. purulent; 37. damage sequence; 38. electro dynamic effect; 39. reddening; 40. linear tension; 41. iris; 42. work under voltage at the shields; 43. socket; 44. current-carrying parts; 45. knife-switch; 46. neutral terminal mode; 47. breakaway voltage; 48. local impairment; 49. clonus; 50. burnt safety device; 51. convulsive tic; 52. fission of the organic liquid.

Task 2.3.7. Read and translate the text below:

What kinds of injuries result from electrical currents?
People are injured when they become part of the electric circuit. Humans are more conductive than the earth (the ground we stand on) which means if there is no other easy path, electricity will try to flow through our bodies.
There are four main types of injuries: electrocution (fatal), electric shock, burns, and falls. These injuries can happen in various ways:
•	Direct contact with exposed energized conductors or circuit parts. When electric current travels through our bodies, it can interfere with the normal electric signals between the brain and our muscles (e.g., heart may stop beating properly, breathing may stop, or muscles may spasm).
•	When the electricity arcs (jumps, or "arcs") from an exposed energized conductor or circuit part (e.g., overhead power lines) through a gas (such as air) to a person who is grounded (that would provide an alternative route to the ground for the electric current).
•	Thermal burns including burns from heat generated by an electric arc, and flame burns from materials that catch on fire from heating or ignition by electric currents or an electric arc flash. Contact burns from being shocked can burn internal tissues while leaving only very small injuries on the outside of the skin.
•	Thermal burns from the heat radiated from an electric arc flash. Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) light emitted from the arc flash can also cause damage to the eyes. High-powered stream of ultraviolet rays causes the inflammation of the iris.
•	An arc blast can include a potential pressure wave released from an arc flash. This wave can cause physical injuries, collapse your lungs, or create noise that can damage hearing. An electric current causes biological effect on a person, such as uncontrained convulsive heart and lungs clonuses, which lead to the damage of respiratory system and blood circulation. Sometimes this influence violates the vital functions of the human body.
•	Fission of the organic liquids and blood is a result of electrochemical effect on a person, which consequently cause considerable changes of physical and chemical composition of the mentioned liquids. The consequence of electro dynamic effect is ruptures and impairment of the body tissues, exfoliation. 
Muscle contractions, or a startle reaction, can cause a person to fall from a ladder, scaffold or aerial bucket. The fall can cause serious injuries.

Task 2.3.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Випадки двофазного дотику трапляються при роботі під напругою на щитах, використанні пошкоджених індивідуальних захисних засобів, таких як діелектричні рукавиці із розривами, під час заміни згорілого запобіжника на розподільчому щиті будівлі.
2. Режим нейтралі є одним із факторів, від яких залежить величина струму.
3. Лінійна напруга прикладається до тіла людини у разі двофазного дотику.
4. Від режиму нейтралі трансформатора, опору підлоги, на якій стоїть людина, опору ізоляції дротів та іншого залежить сила струму.
5. Небезпека ураження людини електричним струмом залежить від крокової напруги, тобто відстані людини до точки замикання на землю.
6. Ізоляція підлоги, асфальтове покриття грунту зменшує напругу кроку і небезпеку ураження.
7. Травми, спричинені дією електричного струму виліковні, і працездатність людини відновлюється повністю або частково. 
8. За умов електроофтальмії потерпілий відчуває різкий біль в очах та головний біль.
9. В окремих випадках ураження електричним ударом може не супроводжуватись місцевими ушкодженнями, тобто електричними травмами.
10. Наслідками 2 ступеня ураження електричним ударом є судомне скорочення м’язів, сильні болі без втрати свідомості.

Task 2.3.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

normal modes of exploitation	нормальний режим експлуатації	minimum admissible distance	мінімально допустимі відстані	
wires’ locking onto the ground	замикання проводів на землю	protective network distribution	захисне розподілення мережі	
potential equalization	вирівнювання потенціалів	barrier device	огороджувальні пристрої	
portable lamp	переносна лампа	blocking	блокування	
local lightning	місцевий світильник	electric tools	eлектричні інструменти	
step-down transformer	понижувальний трансформатор	alternating current	змінний струм	
accumulator	акумулятор	closed sheet	суцільне огородження	
fenceless current-carrying parts	неогороджені струмопровідні частини	electric partition of circuit	електричний розподіл мережі	
capacity resistance	ємнісний опір	switch transformer	розподільчий трансформатор	
protective ground connection	захисне заземлення	protective switching off	захисне вимкнення	
electric devices	електричні пристрої	system of electro protective facilities	система електрозахисних засобів	
nullifying	занулення	preventive belt	пасок безпеки	
claws	кігті	insure ropes	страхувальні канати	
isolation stairs	ізолювальні драбини	isolation hubcaps	ізолювальні ковпаки	
rubber path	гумові доріжки	voltage pointer	покажчик напруги	
isolation protective agents	ізолювальні електрозахисні засоби	rubber supports	гумові підставки	
protective straps	ізолювальні накладки	rubber carpet	гумовий килимок	

Task 2.3.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:

A	B	
The lack of control over electric installations, which are under voltage, erroneous personnel handling machines and other organizational reasons cause electrical accidents.
	Електричні прилади, шини, розподільчі щити, розміщуютьсяв шафах управління електрообладнанням, доступ до яких має лише компетентний персонал з електротехніки.	
Protective belts, insure ropes, stairs, claws, gas-masks, mittens, overall are auxiliary protective agents, which are used for personnel protection from fall down, against thermal, mechanical or chemical influence.	Мінімально допустимі відстані від людини до струмопровідних частин встановлено для уникнення утворення електричної дуги.	
The step voltage on a ground surface appears as the result of wires’ locking onto the ground.	Робоча ізоляція струмопровідних частин забезпечує нормальну роботу електроустаткування та захист від ураження електричним струмом. 	
Electric devices, tires, switchboards are placed into control cabinets installations, which are accessible only to the competent electrical engineering personnel.	Для того, щоб ізолювати людину від землі та від електрообладнання, котре знаходиться під напругою, використовують ізолювальні електрозахисні засоби.
	
The minimum admissible distance between man and current-carrying parts is set to avoid voltaic arc formation.	Запобіжні пояси, страхувальні канати, драбини, кігті, газові маски, рукавиці - допоміжні захисні засоби, що використовуються для захисту персоналу від падіння з висоти, від теплового, механічного та хімічного впливів. 	
To isolate person from the ground or from the parts of electrical equipment, which are found under voltage, the isolation protective agents are used.	Крокова напруга з’являється на поверхні ґрунту в результаті замикання проводів на землю.	
Working isolation of current-carrying parts provides normal work of electrical installation and protection against electrical shock. 
	Відсутність нагляду за електроустаткуванням, яке знаходиться під напругою, неузгоджена або помилкова дія персоналу та багато інших організаційних недоліків стають причиною електротравматизму.	

Task 2.3.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. normal modes of exploitation; 2. minimum admissible distance; 3. protective network distribution; 4. wires’ locking onto the ground; 5. potential equalization; 6.  barrier device; 7. portable lamp; 8. blocking; 9. electric tools; 10. local lightning; 11. step-down transformer; 12. alternating current; 13. electric partition of circuit; 14. system of electro protective facilities; 15. protective ground connection; 16. isolation protective agents; 17. rubber supports; 18. protective straps; 19. protective ground connection; 20. switch transformer; 21. insure ropes; 22. voltage pointer; 23. fenceless current-carrying parts; 24. nullifying; 25. isolation stairs; 26. protective switching off; 27. preventive belt; 28. isolation hubcaps; 29. accumulator; 30. claws; 31. capacity resistance; 32. closed sheet; 33. rubber path; 34. rubber carpet.    

Task 2.3.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. замикання проводів на землю; 2. розподільчий трансформатор; 3. захисне розподілення мережі; 4. ізолювальні накладки; 5. гумовий килимок; 6. ізолювальні електрозахисні засоби; 7. покажчики напруги; 8. ізолювальні драбини; 9. ізолювальні ковпаки; 10. гумові доріжки; 11. гумові підставки; 12. страхувальні канати; 13. захисне заземлення; 14. пасок безпеки; 15. неогороджені струмопровідні частини; 16. занулення; 17. система електрозахисних засобів; 18. кігті; 19. захисне вимкнення; 20.  ємнісний опір; 21. суцільне огородження; 22. місцевий світильник; 23. ручний електроінструмент; 24. електричний розподіл мережі; 25. акумулятор; 26. нормальний режим експлуатації; 27. мінімально допустимі відстані; 28. понижувальний трансформатор; 29. змінний струм; 30. вирівнювання потенціалів; 31. блокування; 32. переносна лампа; 33. огороджувальні пристрої. 

Task 2.3.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Task 2.3.2, 2.3.9 in case of difficulties:

Causes of electrical accidents

Electrical accidents sometimes caused by the touch to the wires or parts which are not isolated, the voltage machine parts and installation which in normal mode of exploitation are not found under voltage. This takes place in that cases when the volcanic arc is formed between a man and current-carrying parts of installation. The minimum admissible distance between man and current-carrying parts is set to avoid such hazard. 
Sometimes electrical accidents are caused by wires’ locking onto the ground. As the result the step voltage on a ground surface appears. 
The lack of control over electric installations, which are under voltage, erroneous personnel handling machines and other organizational reasons cause the mentioned accidents.
One should keep to the safe exploitation at the normal modes of operations and use the appropriate hardware among which are: isolation, blocking, barrier devices, low voltage, protective network distribution, placement of current-carrying parts on an unattainable height, potential equalization.
There are three types of the isolation of current-carrying elements of equipment: working, additional, double.
Working isolation of current-carrying parts provides normal work of electrical installation and protection against electrical shock. 
Additional – is used in case of working isolation damage and set to it.
Double in its turn consists of two mentioned types of isolation.
The blocking devices and barriers are used for the contact breaking switching-off.
Electric devices, tires, switchboards are placed into control cabinets installations, which are accessible only to the competent electrical engineering personnel.
At a height not lower than 3,5 m above the floor, the fenceless current-carrying parts of electrical equipment are placed.
Electric partition of circuit into separate areas, which are unconnected electrically, is carried out with the help of a switch transformer. Under such circumstances, the capacity resistance of electric wires in relation to ground is high in spite on the fact that the capacity of condenser is low due to the short length of circuit.
In case of a malfunction, the next hardware of safe exploitation is used: protective ground connection, nullifying, protective switching off, system of protective facilities. Lessening of isolation resistance of phase in relation to the ground takes place at protective switch off, which automatically disconnects an electric installation.
To isolate person from the ground or from the parts of electrical equipment, which are found under voltage the isolation protective agents are used.Among them are: isolation and electrical-type instrument; voltage pointers; dielectric mittens, boats and rubbers; rubber carpets, paths, support; isolation hubcaps and protective straps; isolation stairs.
Protective belts, insure ropes, stairs, claws, gas-masks, mittens, overall are auxiliary protective agents, which are used for personnel protection from fall down, against thermal, mechanical or chemical influence.

Unit4
Temperature Control in the Workplace

Task 2.4.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it.

1.	humidity (ступінь вологості (повітря)) – a quantity representing the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere or in a gas. High humidity makes people feel hotter because sweat does not evaporate off the skin (it is the evaporation of sweat that makes you feel cooler).
2.	overheating (перегрівання) – to make or become too hot. Some research has shown that certain disorders of the kidney, liver, heart, digestive system, central nervous system and skin may be linked to overheating.
3.	suffocation (задуха) – the state or process of dying from being deprived of air or unable to breathe. The occupants died of suffocation inside the airtight compartment’
4.	sweat (піт, потіння) –moisture exuded through the pores of the skin, typically in profuse quantities as a reaction to heat, physical exertion, fever, or fear. Workers should be well hydrated before work in the heat begins. A person working in a hot environment loses water and salt through sweat.
5.	heat stroke (тепловий удар) – a condition marked by fever and often by unconsciousness, caused by failure of the body's temperature-regulating mechanism when exposed to excessively high temperatures. This is a comprehensive source of information that helps surfers diagnose ailments, from altitude sickness to heat stroke, advises on first aid and discusses issues such as exercise programmes.
6.	supercooling (переохолодження (of a living organism)) – tosurvive body temperatures below the freezing point of water. Supercooling also has a negative effect on vital physiological processes, work capacity and health.
7.	capillary (капіляр) – any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venues. At the supercoiling the capillaries and arteries stop functioning properly.
8.	lethal (смертельний, летальний) – sufficient to cause death. A heat stroke and convulsions may cause a lethal outcome.
9.	swelling (набрякання) – an abnormal enlargement of a part of the body, typically as a result of an accumulation of fluid. Heat edema is swelling which generally occurs among people who are not acclimatized to working in hot conditions.
10.	giddiness (запаморочення) – a sensation of whirling and a tendency to fall or stagger; dizziness. Heat syncope is heat-induced giddiness and fainting induced by temporary insufficient flow of blood to the brain while a person is standing.
11.	cramp (судома, спазм) – painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain. Symptoms of heat exhaustion are: heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, diarrhea, muscle cramps and more.
12.	exhaustion (виснаження) – a state of extreme physical or mental tiredness. Other probable health effects that have been reported include chronic heat exhaustion, sleep disturbances, and susceptibility to minor injuries.
13.	nausea (нудота) – a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit. Being dehydrated is a serious issue. Since you cannot rely on “feeling thirsty”, watch for signs of fatigue, irritability, headaches, nausea, and giddiness.
14.	dehydration (зневоднювання) – a harmful reduction in the amount of water in the body. The combination of heat stress and dehydration means that people performing skilled tasks may become tired faster than normal, and have trouble concentrating.
15.	inflammation (запалення) – a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection. The spots are the result of inflammation caused when sweat glands become plugged.
16.	plug (закупорювати) – to block or fill in (a hole or cavity). The spots are the result of inflammation caused when sweat glands become plugged.
17.	syncope (непритомність) – temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure. Heat syncope is caused by the loss of body fluids through sweating, and by lowered blood pressure due to pooling of blood in the legs.
18.	urea (сеча) – a colourless crystalline compound which is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine. Lactic acid and urea levels increase in the blood.
19.	electrolyte (електроліт) – the ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter. Cramps most often occur when people drink large amounts of water without sufficient salt (electrolyte) replacement.

Task 2.4.2. Study the word combinations below:

air movement	рухливість повітря	heat edema	тепловий набряк	
thermal emission	теплове випромінювання	relative humidity	відносна вологість	
work capacity	працездатність	indoor air temperature	температура повітря у приміщенні	
sleep disturbances	порушення сну	water metabolism	водний обмін	
sweat gland	потова залоза	lactic acid	молочна кислота	
employee work decrement	зниження працездатності людини	arterial pressure	артеріальний тиск	
excessive thirst	посилена спрага	rambling speech	безладна мова	
uncertain walking	невпевнена хода	water loss	втрата води	
water-salt metabolism disease	порушення водно-сольового балансу	rise in body temperature	підвищення температури тіла	
sweat gland	потові залози	salt imbalance	порушення сольового балансу	
prickling sensation	відчуття поколювання	loss of body fluids	втрата 
фізіологічної рідини	
pooling of blood	скупчення крові	lowered blood pressure	Знижений кров’яний тиск	

Task 2.4.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations into sentences:

1.	Portable air conditioning, for offices, is deal, and small, sizes rooms, to medium, as long as, are kept shut, doors and windows.
2.	High humidity,  feel hotter, makes people, does not evaporate, the skin,
3.	because, sweat off.
4.	By sweating, the rate of blood flow, the body, a fairly wide range, shivering, and changing, of temperatures, can adapt to.
5.	In the workplace, it allows, because, is important, acclimatization, you, more, to work, safely and efficiently.
6.	People who, tend to, faster and, and physically fit, adjust, are in good health, more easily.
7.	Cold air, “feels” colder, relative humidity, than dry air, with high, of the same temperature, in cold weather, because, imcreases, high humidity, the conduction, from the body, of heat.
8.	A person’s general health, how well, to heat and cold, also influences, the person adapts.
9.	Air temperature, that most people, should be kept, find comfortable, within a range.
10.	Heat stress, on the body, environmental heat, is the overall heat, body heat production, load, including, and inner, due to working hard.
11.	Heat stroke, the most serious, heat illnesses, and hyperpyrexia (elevated body temperature) are, types of.

Task 2.4.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. electrolyte, exhaustion, swelling, giddiness, cramp, syncope, temperature, humidity, thirst, rambling.

B. the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object; painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain; an abnormal enlargement of a part of the body, typically as a result of an accumulation of fluid;
a feeling of needing or wanting to drink something; the state or quality of being humid;
lengthy and confused or inconsequential; a sensation of whirling and a tendency to fall or stagger; dizziness; the ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter; temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure; a state of extreme physical or mental tiredness.

Task 2.4.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. humidity; 2. exhaustion; 3. overheating; 4. sweat; 5. inflammation; 6. plug; 7. heat stroke; 8. cramp; 9. heat edema; 10. air movement; 11. work capacity; 12. sleep disturbances; 13. excessive thirst; 14. supercooling; 15. loss of body fluids; 16. indoor air temperature; 17. nausea; 18. water metabolism; 19. electrolyte; 20. employee work decrement; 21. rambling speech; 22. rise in body temperature; 23. pooling of blood; 24. giddiness; 25. water loss; 26. salt imbalance; 27. relative humidity; 28. capillary; 29. lowered blood pressure; 30. syncope; 31. sweat gland; 32. swelling; 33. thermal emission; 34. arterial pressure; 35. lethal; 36. uncertain walking; 37. water-salt metabolism disease; 38. prickling sensation; 39. suffocation; 40. lactic acid; 41. urea; 42. sweat gland.

Task 2.4.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. cтупінь вологості (повітря); 2. перегріватися; 3. запаморочення; 4. скупчення крові; 5. порушення сольового балансу; 6. потові залози; 7. підвищення температури тіла; 8.  невпевнена хода; 9. електроліт; 10. відчуття поколювання; 11. артеріальний тиск; 12. знижений кров’яний тиск; 13. втрата фізіологічної рідини; 14. нудота; 15. порушення водно-сольового балансу; 16. втрата води; 17. задуха; 18. посилена спрага; 19. судома; 20. безладна мова; 21. порушення сну; 22. молочна кислота; 22. працездатність; 23. відносна вологість; 24. рухливість повітря; 25. температура повітря у приміщенні; 26. зниження працездатності людини; 27. сечовина; 28. капіляр; 29. смертельний, летальний; 30. непритомність; 31. потова залоза; 32. тепловий удар; 33. набрякання; 34. водний обмін; 35. виснаження; 36. піт; 37. теплове випромінювання; 38. закупорювати; 39. переохолодження; 40. тепловий набряк; 41. запалення

Task 2.4.7. Read and translate the text below:

Meteorological conditions are the condition of air in the industrial area. The parameters, which define the meteorological conditions are the following: relative humidity, indoor air temperature, air movement and thermal emission.
Human body works best when it has an internal “core” temperature of 37°C. 37°C might seem warm, but this is its internal temperature (not the air temperature). This temperature is necessary for vital organs to function normally. During a regular day, the body temperature may vary by about 1°C depending on the time of day, level of physical activity and emotional reactions. 
The rise of air temperature from 20°C to 35°C causes employee work decrement by 50-60 %.
Asdverse meteorological conditions may cause overheating or supercooling of the body.
Heat stress is the overall heat load on the body, including environmental heat and inner body heat production due to working hard. Mild or moderate heat stress may be uncomfortable and may affect performance and safety, but it is not usually harmful to the health. When heat stress is more extreme, the possible health effects include:
 Heat edema is swelling which generally occurs among people who are not acclimatized to working in hot conditions. Swelling is often most noticeable in the ankles.
 Heat rashes are tiny red spots on the skin, which cause a prickling sensation. The spots are the result of inflammation caused when sweat glands become plugged.
 Heat cramps are sharp pains in the muscles that may occur alone or be combined with one of the other heat stress disorders. The cause is salt imbalance resulting from the failure to replace salt lost with sweat. Cramps most often occur when people drink large amounts of water without sufficient salt (electrolyte) replacement. 
Heat exhaustion is caused by excessive loss of water and salt. Symptoms include heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and more. Sweating in its turn cause immediate water metabolism diseases. With sweat Na, K, Ca are excluded. Lactic acid and urea levels increase in the blood.
Heat syncope is heat-induced giddiness and fainting induced by temporarily insufficient flow of blood to the brain while a person is standing. It occurs mostly among unacclimatized people. It is caused by the loss of body fluids through sweating, and by lowered blood pressure due to pooling of blood in the legs. 
Heat stroke and hyperpyrexia (elevated body temperature) are the most serious types of heat illnesses. Signs of heat stroke include body temperature often greater than 41°C, and complete or partial loss of consciousness. Heat strokes are preceded by: headache, weakness, fatigue, suffocation, rambling speech, skin redness, palpitation, uncertain walking, excessive thirst, rise in body temperature and arterial pressure rise. The convulsions such as water-salt metabolism disease or water loss are caused by overheating as well.
In the worst situations the heat stroke and convulsions may cause a lethal outcome.
The signs of heat hyperpyrexia are similar except that the skin remains moist. Sweating is not a good symptom of heat stress as there are two types of heat stroke – “classical” where there is little or no sweating (usually occurs in children, persons who are chronically ill, and the elderly), and “exertional” where body temperature rises because of strenuous exercise or work and sweating is usually present.

Task 2.4.8. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Причиною переохолодження або перегріву можуть стати несприятливі метеорологічні умови праці. 2. В умовах високої температури підвищується артеріальний тиск. 3. Порушення терморегуляції в разі перегрівання організму спричиняє тепловий удар. 4. Розрізняють наступні параметри, якими визначаються метеорологічні умови: відносна вологість повітря у приміщенні, теплове випромінювання, температура повітря, рухливість повітря. 5. Сигналізаторами загрози теплового удару є: втома, слабкість, головний біль, невпевнена хода, посилена спрага, безладна мова, задуха, почервоніння шкіри, серцебиття, підвищена температура тіла. 6. Посилене потовиділення спричиняє збільшення вмісту у крові молочної кислоти, сечовини. 7. Однією з причин зниження працездатності людини є підвищення температури повітряного середовища. 8. Мікрокліматом виробничого приміщення називають стан повітря у виробничому приміщенні. 9. Перегрів спричиняє порушення водно-сольового обміну, втрату води. 10. Тепловий удар виникає найчастіше під час посилення м’язової роботи в умовах високої температури та вологості повітря.

Task 2.4.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

skin and muscle vasoconstriction	звуження судин м’язів та шкіри	weak pulse	слабий пульс	
respiratory volume	дихальний об'єм	oxygen consumption	споживання кисню	
lumbosacral radiculitis	попереково-крижовий радикуліт	geniculate neuralgia	невралгія нервів обличчя	
sciatic neuralgia	невралгія сідничного нерву	rheumatism	ревматизм	
bronchitis	бронхіт	pleurisy	плеврит	
capillaries	капіляри	amnesia	амнезія	
slow and labored movements	повільні, затруднені рухи	sobriety-like test	тест на тверезість	
sluggish thinking	сповільнене мислення	poor coordination	погана координація	
muscle rigidity	задубіння м’язів	puffy skin	набрякла (опухла) шкіра	
pulse and respiration rate	частота дихання та пульсу	heart fibrillation	фібриляція серця	
failure of breathing	дихальна недостатність	pulmonary edema	набряк легенів	
thermal curtain	теплова завіса	draught protection	захист від протягів	
shift shortening	скорочення тривалості робочої зміни	additional break	додаткова перерва	
reflecting shield	відбивальний екран	absorbing shield	поглинальний екран	
hash factor	несприятливі фактори	hot workshop	гарячий цех	
thermal current crossing	перехрещування повітряних потоків	air and water showers	повітряне та водяне душування	
efficiency suit	костюм з підвищеною світло
теплопровідністю	permanent workplace	постійне робоче місце	
collecting shield	відвідний екран	mixed shield	комбінований екран	
intensive heating	інтенсивне нагрівання	ventilation skylight	аераційний ліхтар	

Task 2.4.10. Match the sentences and word combinations in column A with their equivalents in column B:

A	B	
На підприємствах застосовують відбивальні, поглинальні,  відвідні та комбіновані екрани для відгородження джерел теплового випромінювання від робочих місць.	Draught protection – closing windows and doors, air and air-thermal curtain installation on doors and gates.	
Серед засобів індивідуального захисту найбільш популярними є: спецодяг, костюми з підвищеною світлотеплопровіддачею, каски, окуляри. 	Such ways of rationalization of work and rest regime as shift shortening and additional breaks improve the meteorological condition at workplace.	
Захист від протягів – закривання вікон, дверей, влаштування повітряних та повітряно-теплових завіс на дверях та воротах.	Among the individual protection means the most popular are: overalls, efficiency suits, helmets, goggles.	
Такі способи раціоналізації режимів праці та відпочинку як скорочення тривалості робочої зміни, додаткові перерви покращують метеорологічні умови на робочому місці.	Automation and remote control over technological processes. Employees must leave the industrial zone where there are hash factors.	
Важливою умовою забезпечення гідних умов праці є раціональне опалення, вентиляція та кондиціонування повітря.	Reflecting, absorbing, collecting and mixed shields for separating thermal radiation sources from workplace are used in industrial zones.	
Автоматизація та дистанційне керування технологічними процесами. Працівники повинні залишити виробничу зону, де діють несприятливі фактори (хеш-фактори).	Effective are air and water showers in hot workshops; and use of radiation heating of permanent workplaces.	
Ефективне повітряне та водяне душування в гарячих цехах; застосування випромінювання для обігріву постійних робочих місць.	The important clause of appropriate working conditions supplement are the rational heating, ventilation and air-conditioning.	

Task 2.4.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. oxygen consumption; 2. geniculateneuralgia; 3. capillaries; 4. poor coordination; 5. heart fibrillation; 6. sluggish thinking; 7. additional break; 8. permanent workplace; 9. failure of breathing; 10. Respiratory volume; 11. collecting shield; 12. air and water showers; 13. weakpulse; 14. rheumatism; 15. skin and muscle vasoconstriction; 16. thermal current crossing; 17. ventilation skylight; 18. pulse and respiration rate; 19. sciatic neuralgia; 20. draught protection; 21. reflecting shield; 22. efficiency suit; 23. slow and labored movements; 24. puffy skin; 25. absorbing shield; 26. bronchitis; 27.  sobriety-like test; 28. hot workshop; 29. muscle rigidity; 30. mixed shield; 31. pleurisy; 32. pulmonary edema; 33. thermal curtain; 34. intensive heating; 35. amnesia; 36. shift shortening; 37. hash factor.

Task 2.4.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. інтенсивний нагрів; 2. перехрещування повітряних потоків; 3. поглинальний екран; 4. відбивальний екран; 5. скорочення тривалості робочої зміни; 6. частота дихання та пульсу; 7. комбінований екран; 8. аераційний ліхтар; 9. повільні, затруднені рухи; 10. тест на тверезість; 11. відвідний екран; 12. несприятливі фактори; 13. додаткова перерва; 14. захист від протягів; 15.  костюм з підвищеною світло теплопровідністю; 16. постійне робоче місце; 17. гарячий цех; 18. дихальна недостатність; 19. повітряне та водяне душування; 20. теплова завіса; 21. сповільнене мислення; 22. капіляри; 23. фібріляція серця; 24. задубіння м’язів; 25. набряк легенів; 26. погана координація; 27. звуження судин м’язів та шкіри; 28. плеврит; 29. слабкий пульс; 30. набрякла/опухла шкіра; 31. невралгія нервів обличчя; 32. попереково-крижовий радикуліт; 33. амнезія; 34. невралгія сідничного нерву; 35. споживання кисню; 36. бронхіт; 37. ревматизм.

Task 2.4.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following texts into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 2.4.2, 2.4.9 in case of difficulties:

Text 1
Supercooling (hypothermia) also has a negative effect on vital physiological processes, work capacity and health. The most typical reaction to low temperature is skin and muscle vasoconstriction. The pulse becomes weak, respiratory volume and oxygen consumption increase. Capillaries and arteries stop to function properly; diseases of the peripheral nervous system start as do lumbosacral radiculitis, geniculate neuralgia, static neuralgia, rheumatism pleurisy and bronchitis. 
Signs and Symptoms of Cold Exposure (Hypothermia).

Stage	Body Core Temperature	Signs & Symptoms 
	
Mild Hypothermia	37.2-36.1ºC	Normal, shivering may begin.	
	36.1-35ºC	“Feeling cold”, goose bumps, unable to perform complex tasks with hands, shivering can be mild to severe, hands numb.	
Moderate Hypothermia	35-33.9ºC	Shivering, intense loss of muscular coordination, movements slow and laboured, stumbling pace, mild confusion but may appear alert. Use a sobriety-like test - if unable to walk a 9 metre straight line, the person is likely hypothermic.	
	33.9-32.2ºC	Violent shivering continues, difficulty speaking, sluggish thinking, amnesia starts to appear, gross muscle movements sluggish, unable to use hands, stumbles frequently, signs of depression or withdrawn.	
Severe Hypothermia	32.2-30ºC	Shivering stops, exposed skin is blue or puffy, muscle coordination very poor, inability to walk, confusion, incoherent/irrational behaviour, but may be able to maintain posture and appearance of awareness.	
	30-27.8ºC	Muscle rigidity, semiconscious, stupor, loss of awareness of others, pulse and respiration rate decrease, possible heart fibrillation.	
	27.8-25.6ºC	Unconscious, heartbeat and breathing is erratic, a pulse may not be obvious.	
	25.6-23.9ºC	Pulmonary edema, heart and breathing failure, death. Death may occur before this temperature is reached.	

Source: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, OSH Answers “Cold Environments – Health Effects and First Aid” http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/cold_health.html

Text 2

Meteorological condition normalization methods

The most important is the improvement of technical processes and usage of the modern equipment (removal of intensive heating). It is clear that the rational placement of equipment plays the main role in meteorological conditions at workplace.  It is efficient to place sources of heat under ventilation skylight near walls, while it prevents the threat of thermal current crossing at the workplace.
Use of automation and remote control over technological processes allow the employees to leave the industrial zone where the threat of hash factors exists.
Rather efficient is rational heating, installation of ventilation and air-conditioning according to the accepted norms of occupational safety, such as application of air and water showers in hot workshops; at permanent workplaces it is rational to apply radiation heating. Not to ignor protection against draughtsthrough closing windows and doors, as well as installation of air and air-thermal curtains on doors and gates.
Rationalization of work and rest regime should be arranged in rationalized way. It must take into account the physiological peculiarities of workers and their needs to rest and to switch over. It can be realized with additional breaks and shift shortening.
Modern investigators came to the conlusion, that shields and equipment heat installation are rather efficient. In industrial zones shields which separate thermal radiation sources from workplaces are widely used.
The next types of shields are distinguished: collecting, reflecting, mixed, absorbing.
The use of individual protection means such as overalls, efficiency suits, helmets, goggles are among the most popular.

Unit 5
Ventilation System in the Workplace. Electromagnetic Field Protection.

Task 2.5.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:

1.	dilute (розріджувати; знижувати (концентрацію)) – to make something less strong or effective, to make thinner or lessconcentrated by adding a liquid such as water. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the building and removing the pollutants from it. 
2.	pollutant (забруднювач навколишнього середовища) – a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere. For a room with locally generated pollutants, such as a bathroom, toilet or kitchen, the negative pressure system is often used.
3.	space (простір) – a continuous area or expanse which is free, available, or unoccupied. Ventilation is the process by which ‘clean’ air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space, and stale air is removed.
4.	wind (вітер) – the perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current of air blowing from a particular direction. Natural forces (e.g. winds and thermal buoyancy force due to indoor and outdoor air density differences) drive outdoor air through purpose-built, building envelope openings.
5.	density (щільність) – the degree of compactness of a substance. Air density, like air pressure, decreases with increasing altitude. It also changes with variation in temperature and humidity.
6.	chimney (димохід) – a vertical channel or pipe which conducts smoke and combustion gases up from a fire or furnace and typically through the roof of a building. Purpose-built openings include windows, doors, solar chimneys, wind towers and trickle ventilators.
7.	fan (вентилятор) – a device with blades that are operated mechanically to create a current of cool air. The fans should be installed where room air can be exhausted directly to the outdoor environment through either a wall or the roof.
8.	condensation (конденсація, конденсат) – water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it. In cold climates, exfiltration needs to be prevented to reduce interstitial condensation, and negative pressure ventilation is used.
9.	penetrate (проникати усередину) – to go into or through (something), especially with force or effort. Interstitial condensation occurs when warm, moist air from inside a building penetrates a wall, roof or floor and meets a cold surface.
10.	leakage (просочування) – the accidental admission or escape of liquid or gas through a hole or crack. In a positive pressure system, the room is in positive pressure and the room air is leaked out through envelope leakages or other openings.
11.	suck (всмоктувати) – to draw in a specified direction by creating a vacuum. In a negative pressure system, the room is in negative pressure, and the room air is compensated by “sucking” air from outside.
12.	infection (інфекція, забруднення) – the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. In an airborne precaution room for infection control, a minimum negative pressure of 2.5 Pa is often maintained relative to the corridor.
13.	airflow (повітряний потік) – the flow of air, especially that encountered by a moving aircraft or vehicle. The overall airflow direction in a building, which should be from clean zones to dirty zones.
14.	buoyancy (піднімальна сила) – the ability or tendency of something to float in water or other fluid. Natural forces (e.g. winds and thermal buoyancy force due to indoor and outdoor air density differences) drive outdoor air through purpose-built, building envelope openings.
15.	breath (дихання) –  the air taken into or expelled from the lungs. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing.
16.	cooling (охолодження) – making sb/sth cool or cooler. If the environment in the room causes thermal discomfort, spot cooling or heating systems and ceiling fans may be added.
17.	exhausting (витягування (повітря)) – expelling (gas or steam) from or into a particular place. Fans can either be installed directly in windows or walls, or installed in air ducts for supplying air into, or exhausting air from a room.
18.	prevent (запобігати) – to keep (something) from happening. In warm and humid climates, infiltration may need to be minimized or prevented to reduce interstitial condensation
19.	install (встановлювати, монтувати) – to fix equipment or furniture in position ready for use. The fans should be installed where room air can be exhausted directly to the outdoor environment through either a wall or the roof.

Task 2.5.2. Study the word combinations below:

ventilation rate 	інтенсивність вентиляції	airflow direction 	напрям повітряного потоку	
external air	зовнішнє повітря	airborne pollutant	забруднювач  повітря	
clean zone	чиста зона	dirty zone	брудна зона	
outdoor air	зовнішнє
повітря	wind tower	башта вітрогенератора	
stale air	несвіже повітря	trickle ventilator	притічний вентиляційний клапан	
healthy air	здорове повітря	air density	щільність повітря	
air distribution or airflow pattern 	спектр обтікання повітряним потоком	thermal buoyancy force	сила термічної плавучості	
natural ventilation	природня вентиляція	solar chimney	сонячна витяжна труба	
mechanical ventilation	механічна вентиляція	hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation	гібридна (що поєднує різні способи) вентиляція	
locally generated pollutants	забруднення, спричинені локальними умовами	airborn infection	інфекція з повітряних викидів	
negative pressure ventilation	вентиляція негативного надлишкового тиску	positive pressure mechanical ventilation system	механічна вентиляційна система надлишкового тиску	
purpose-built opening	спеціалізований 
отвір	interstitial condensation	внутрішньопарова конденсація	
air duct	повітряний канал	exhausting (air)	витягування  (повітря)	
spot cooling or heating systems	установка місцевого охолодження або нагріву повітря	ceiling fan	стельовий вентилятор	
wind turbine	вітрова турбіна	non-stop electricity supply	безперевне постачання електроенергії	

Task 2.5.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations into sentences:

1.	Mechanical ventilation systems, may be interrupted, utility service interruption, often do not work, poor design,as expected, and normal operation for numerous reasons, including equipment failure, poor maintenance or incorrect management.
2.	Mechanical ventilation systems, spread of, may result in, through health-care facilities, the infectious diseases.
3.	Natural ventilation, can generally provide, more economically,a high ventilation rate, due to the, and large openings, use of natural forces.
4.	The airflow path, allowing, for instance, from areas, in mechanical ventilation systems, can be controlled, the air to flow where, there is a source.
5.	Natural ventilation, climatic conditions, is variable, outside, and depends on, relative to, the indoor environment.
6.	Filtration systems, mechanical ventilation, can be installed, particulates, gases, in so that harmful microorganisms, can be removed, odours and vapours.
7.	Medical staff, the intended operational performance, their protective functions, often, of ventilation systems, have, poor knowledge of, even with regard to.
8.	A number of problems, can arise, related to the, from the lack of, use of mechanical ventilation, active collaboration, medical and, between, technical personnel.
9.	Problems, include the loss of, with mechanical ventilation, in isolation rooms, negative pressure, differential, opening of the doors, due to the.
10.	Natural ventilation systems, spread of, for infection control, through health-care facilities, may result in, instead of being, the infectious diseases, an important tool.

Task 2.5.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. wind, fan, pollutant, density, healthy, condensation, exfiltration, outdoor, airborn, heating, exhausting, trickle. 

B. equipment or devices used to provide heat, especially to a building; the degree of compactness of a substance; fond of the open air or open-air activities; transported by air;flow in a small stream; withdraw (troops or spies) surreptitiously, especially from a dangerous situation; in a good physical or mental condition; in good health; 
water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it; a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere; the perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current of air blowing from a particular direction; no longer productive as a result of being drained of resources; a device with blades that are operated mechanically to create a current of cool air.

Task 2.5.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. airborne pollutant; 2. dilute; 3. solar chimneys; 4. pollutant; 5. trickle ventilator; 6. locally generated pollutants; 7. space; 8. airflow direction; 9.  hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation; 10. wind; 11. positive pressure mechanical ventilation system; 12. dirty zone; 13. density; 14. ventilation rate; 15.  chimney; 16. external air; 17. airborn infection; 18. fan; 19. exhausting air; 20. condensation; 21. non-stop electricity supply; 22. stale air; 23. penetrate; 24. leakage; 25. clean zone; 26. thermal buoyancy force; 27. suck; 28. outdoor air; 29. infection; 30. wind tower; 31. airflow; 32. air density; 33. buoyancy; 34. mechanical ventilation; 35. spot cooling or heating systems; 36. wind turbine; 37. breath; 38. negative pressure ventilation; 39. density; 40. cooling; 41. air distribution or airflow pattern; 42. exhausting; 43. healthy air; 44. ceiling fan; 45. purpose-built openings; 46. prevent; 47. install; 48. natural ventilation; 49. interstitial condensation; 50. air duct.

Task 2.5.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. вихолощувати; 2. встановлення місцевого охолодження або нагріву повітря; 3. вихлопні гази; 4. спеціалізований отвір; 5. забруднювач навколишнього середовища; 6. безперевне постачання електроенергії; 7. повітряний канал; 8. внутрішньопарова конденсація; 9. простір; 10. потік повітря; 11. повітряна турбіна; 12. стельовий вентилятор; 13. вентилятор; 14. механічна вентиляційна система надлишкового тиску; 15. забруднення, спричинені локальними умовами; 16. гібридна (що поєднує різні способи) вентиляція; 17. вентиляція негативного надлишкового тиску; 18. природня вентиляція; 19. інфекція з повітряних викидів; 20. щільність; 21. спектр обтікання повітряним потоком; 22. сонячна витяжна труба; 23. просочування; 24. механічна вентиляція; 25.  сила термічної плавучості; 26. притічний вентиляційний клапан; 27. зовнішнє повітря; 28. брудна зона; 29. зрідження, скраплення; 30. димохід; 31. несвіже повітря; 32. забруднення повітря; 33. проникати усередину; 34. здорове повітря; 35. всмоктувати; 36. башта вітрогенератора; 37. повітряний потік; 38. щільність повітря; 39. піднімальна сила; 40. зовнішнє повітря; 41. інфекція, забруднення; 42. охолодження; 43. інтенсивність вентиляції; 44. запобігати; 45. встановлювати, монтувати; 46. напрям повітряного потоку; 47. дихання; 48. чиста зона; 49. фільтрація; 50. витягування  (повітря).

Task 2.5.7. Read and translate the text below:

Ventilation is the process by which ‘clean’ air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space, and stale air is removed. This may be accomplished by other natural or mechanical means.
Ventilation moves outdoor air into a building or a room, and distributes the air within the building or room. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the building and removing the pollutants from it.
Building ventilation has three basic elements:
•	ventilation rate — the amount of outdoor air that is provided into the space, and the quality of the outdoor air;
•	airflow direction — the overall airflow direction in a building, which should be from clean zones to dirty zones; and
•	air distribution or airflow pattern — the external air should be delivered to each part of the space in an efficient manner and the airborne pollutants generated in each part of the space should also be removed in an efficient manner.
There are three methods that may be used to ventilate a building: natural, mechanical and hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation.
What is natural ventilation?
Natural forces (e.g. winds and thermal buoyancy force due to indoor and outdoor air density differences) drive outdoor air through purpose-built, building envelope openings. Purpose-built openings include windows, doors, solar chimneys, wind towers and trickle ventilators. This natural ventilation of buildings depends on climate, building design and human behaviour.
What is mechanical ventilation?
Mechanical fans drive mechanical ventilation. Fans can either be installed directly in windows or walls, or installed in air ducts for supplying air into, or exhausting air from, a room.
The type of mechanical ventilation used depends on climate. For example, in warm and humid climates, infiltration may need to be minimized or prevented to reduce interstitial condensation (which occurs when warm, moist air from inside a building penetrates a wall, roof or floor and meets a cold surface). In these cases, a positive pressure mechanical ventilation system is often used. Conversely, in cold climates, exfiltration needs to be prevented to reduce interstitial condensation, and negative pressure ventilation is used. For a room with locally generated pollutants, such as a bathroom, toilet or kitchen, the negative pressure system is often used.
In a positive pressure system, the room is in positive pressure and the room air is leaked out through envelope leakages or other openings. In a negative pressure system, the room is in negative pressure, and the room air is compensated by “sucking” air from outside. A balanced mechanical ventilation system refers to the system where air supplies and exhausts have been tested and adjusted to meet design specifications. The room pressure may be maintained at either slightly positive or negative pressure, which is achieved by using slightly unequal supply or exhaust ventilation rates. For example, a slight negative room pressure is achieved by exhausting 10% more air than the supply in a cold climate to minimize the possibility of interstitial condensation. In an airborne precaution room for infection control, a minimum negative pressure of 2.5 Pa is often maintained relative to the corridor.
What is hybrid or mixed-mode ventilation?
Hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation relies on natural driving forces to provide the desired (design) flow rate. It uses mechanical ventilation when the natural ventilation flow rate is too low.
When natural ventilation alone is not suitable, exhaust fans (with adequate pre-testing and planning) can be installed to increase ventilation rates in rooms housing patients with airborne infection. However, this simple type of hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation needs to be used with care. The fans should be installed where room air can be exhausted directly to the outdoor environment through either a wall or the roof. The size and number of exhaust fans depends on the targeted ventilation rate, and must be measured and tested before use.
Problems associated with the use of exhaust fans include installation difficulties (especially for large fans), noise (particularly from high-power fans), increased or decreased temperature in the room and the requirement for non-stop electricity supply. If the environment in the room causes thermal discomfort spot cooling or heating systems and ceiling fans may be added.
Another possibility is the installation of whirlybirds (whirligigs or wind turbines) that do not require electricity and provide a roof-exhaust system increasing airflow in a building.

Task 2.5.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Перевагою природної вентиляції є її дешевизна та простота експлуатації.
2.	Неогрганізована природна вентиляція спричинає просочування повітря через нещільності вікон, дверей, перекриттів.
3.	В стінах будівлі роблять отвори для того, щоб під час провітрювання надходило зовнішнє повітря.
4.	Недоліком природної вентиляції є те, що повітря надходить до приміщення без попереднього очищення.
5.	Вимогою до вентиляції є створення в робочій зоні приміщень нормованих метеорологічних умов.
6.	Механічна вентиляція дає змогу очищувати повітря перед викидом в атмосферу.
7.	За місцем дії розрізняють загальнообмінну, місцеву та комбіновану вентиляції.
8.	На даху приміщень встановолюють пристрої для видалення відпрацьованого повітря.
9.	Важливою характеристикою вентиляції є доступне управління та ремонт під час експлуатації. 
10.	Вентиляційні пристрої не повинні створювати на робочих місцях протягів чи різкого охолодження.

Task 2.5.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

energy transmission channels	тракти передачі енергії	radio-frequency
transformer	високочастотний трансформатор	
sense organs	органи чуттів	cardio-vascular disease	серцево-судинне захворювання	
functional changes	функціональні зміни	morphological effect	морфологічна дія	
electric and magnetic field strength	нарпруженість електричного та магнітного полів	individual peculiarities of the body	індивідуальних особливостей організму	
power flow	поток енергії	thermal effect	термічна дія	
heating of organs and tissues	нагрів тканини і органів	changes in cell structure	зміна структури клітин	
early fatigue	передчасна втомлюваність	insomnia	безсоння	
electronic device	електронний пристрій	initial effect	первинний прояв	
radiation duration	тривалість опромінення	ultrahigh frequency	надвисока частота	
size of the body organ	розмір частини тіла	oscillation frequency	частотa коливань	
feeder line	фідерні лінії	field intensity	інтенсивність поля	
generator	генератор	electromagnet	електромагніт	
сondenser	конденсатор	invisible	невидимий	
trophopathy	порушення живлення тканин	tiredness	швидка втомлюваність	
emission duration  	тривалість опромінення	vascular system modification	зміни в судинній системі	
nervous system disorders	порушення нервовї системи	sleep disorders	порушення сну	
sleepiness	сонливість	neurophysic diseases	нервово-психічні захворювання	
reduction of potency	зниження потенції	trophic conditions	трофічні явища	
hypotension	гіпотонія	source shielding	екранування джерела	
hair loss	випадіння волосся	hypertension	гіпертонія	

Task 2.5.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column B:

A	B	
The main danger of electromagnetic fields is that they cannot be felt by sense organs, so they are invisible.	Первинний вплив електромагнітного поля на тіло людини полягає у нагріванні органів та тканин.	
Systematic influence of radiation causes neurophysic diseases, reduction of potency, hypertension, hypotension, trophic conditions (hair loss).	Найпопулярнішими та найефективнішимиметодами є зниження інтенсивності випромінювання безпосередньо в самому джерелі випромінювання. 	
The initial effect of electromagnetic field on human body is the heating of organs and tissues.	Головна небезпека електромагнітних полів полягає в тому, що вони не можуть відчуватися органами чутів, отже вони невидимі.	
The most popular and effective ways are decrease of radiation intensity in the radiation source itself.	Систематичний вплив випромінювання спричиняє нервово-психічні захворювання, зниження потенції, гіпотонію, гіпертонію, трофічні явища (випадіння волосся).	
Functional changes cause hard consequences in human body, which are manifested by headache, tiredness, and nervous system disorders.	Електромагнітні поля оточують електронні пристрої тоді, коли відбувається зміна швидкості заряджених частинок.	
Electromagnetic fields surround electronic devices when there is a change in charged particle velocity.	Електричні струми виникають та збуджують магнітні поля, що виникають при утворюються при збільшені швидкості заряджених електронів.	
Electrical currents are generated and ignite magnetic fields that are produced when charged electrons gain speed.	Функціональні зміни спричиняють важкі наслідки в організмі людини, які проявляються болем голови, втомою, розладами нервової системи.	

Task 2.5.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. cardio-vascular disease; 2. heating of organs and tissues; 3. changes in cell structure; 4. individual peculiarities of the body; 5. ultrahigh frequency; 6. reduction of potency; 7. functional changes; 8. vascular system modification; 9. nervous system disorders; 10. sleepiness; 11. energy transmission channel; 12.  neurophysic diseases; 13. feeder line; 14. source shielding; 15. electric and magnetic field strength; 16. size of the body organ; 17. condenser; 18. emission duration; 19. electromagnet; 20. hypotension; 21. radio-frequency transformer; 22. electronic device; 23. oscillation frequency; 24.  morphological effect; 25. generator; 26. sleep disorders; 27. early fatigue; 28. field intensity; 29. sense organs; 30. initial effect; 31. hypertension; 32. hair loss; 33. thernmal effect; 34. insomnia; 35. tiredness; 36. trophic conditions; 37. trophopathy; 36.  radiation duration; 37. invisible; 38. power flow.

Task 2.5.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. випадіння волосся; 2. нервово-психічні захворювання; 3. нагрів тканини і органів; 4. індивідуальних особливостей організму; 5. функціональні зміни; 6. гіпертонія; 7. сонливість; 8. конденсатор; 9. зміна структури клітин; 10.  тривалість опромінення; 11. зміни в судинній системі; 12. електронний пристрій; 13. серцево-судинне захворювання; 14.тракти передачі енергії; 15. збільшення частоти коливань; 16. екранування джерела; 17.  розмір частини тіла; 18. нарпруженість електричного та магнітного полів; 19. порушення нервовї системи; 20. гіпотонія; 21. фідерні лінії; 22. трофічні явища; 23. тривалість опромінення; 24. зниження потенції; 25. первинний прояв; 26.  передчасна втомлюваність; 27. порушення сну; 28. інтенсивність поля; 29. морфологічна дія; 30. надвисока частота; 31. безсоння; 32. високочастотний трансформатор; 33. порушення живлення тканин; 34. поток енергії; 35. швидка втомлюваність; 36. термічна дія; 37. електромагніт; 38. органи чуттів; 39. невидимий; 40.  генератор.  

Task 2.5.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 2.5.2, 2.5.9 in case of difficulties:

An electromagnetic field is an electricity derivative produced by electrical conductors and alternating currents. Electromagnetic fields surround electronic devices when there is a change in charged particle velocity. Electrical currents are generated and ignite magnetic fields that are produced when charged electrons gain speed. It is measured in Hertz.
The sources of electromagnetic field are generators, electromagnets, energy transmission channels, condensers, feeder lines, radio-frequency transformers. 
The main danger of electromagnetic fields is that they cannot be felt by sense organs, so they are invisible. It may cause undesirable radiation of people. The initial effect of electromagnetic field on human body is the heating of organs and tissues, which is the function of field intensity and frequency as well as radiation duration. Biological activity of electromagnetic field is the highest in the area of ultrahigh frequency and rises with the increase of oscillation frequency. 
Influence is manifested by insomnia, early fatigue, nervous and cardio-vascular diseases. 
The effect of electromagnetic field on human being depend on the following factors: power flow, the size of the body organ, which is exposed, oscilliation frequency, individual peculiarities of the body, electric and magnetic field strength.
Electromagnetic field cause such types of effect on human body as: thermal and morphological effect, functional changes in human organism.
To the thermal effect belongs the heating of organs and tissues, it is the function of field intensity and frequency and duration of the emission.
Morphological effect is manifested by changes in cell structure and vascular system modification, trophopathy.
Functional changes cause hard consequences in human body, which are manifested by headache, tiredness, nervous system disorders, sleep disorders, sleepiness.
Systematic influence of radiation causes neurophysic diseases, reduction of potency, hypertension, hypotension, trophic conditions (hair loss).
The ways and methods of protection against electromagnetic field depend on the electromagnetic field effect conditions, the type of radiation source and its location. The most popular and effective are: decrease of radiation intensity in the radiation source itself; protection by time; protection by distance; source shielding, individual protection means and workplace protection means.

Unit  6
Workplace Fire Prevention and Protection Measures

Task 2.6.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:

1.	combustion(горіння) – the process of burning something. A brief review of the combustion of gases and liquids is desirable before some of the basic concepts are discussed.
2.	ignition (займання) – the action of setting something on fire or starting to burn. Ignition of a liquid or solid involves raising the surface temperature until vapours are being evolved at a rate sufficient to support a flame after the vapours have been ignited. 
3.	vapour (пара) – gas in the form of steam, smoke or other substances spread over or hanging in the air: water vapour; petrol vapours.
4.	flashpoint (температура спалаху) – the lowest temperature at which vapours above a volatile combustible substance ignite in air when exposed to flame but not continue to burn. This particular resin is very volatile and has a fairly low flashpoint. Liquid fuels can be classified according to their flashpoints, the lowest temperature at which there is a flammable vapour/air mixture at the surface (i.e., the vapour pressure corresponds to the lower flammability limit).
5.	firepoint (of a fuel) (точка загорання) – the lowest temperature at which the vapour of the fuel will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. A slightly higher temperature is required to produce a sufficient flow of vapours to support a diffusion flame. This is known as the firepoint.
6.	spontaneous ignition/combustion (самозаймання) – a type of combustion which occurs by self-heating, followed by thermal runaway and finally, autoignition. If the evolved vapours are hot enough (which requires the surface temperature to be much higher than the firepoint), they may ignite spontaneously as they mix with air. This process is known as spontaneous ignition.
7.	inaction (бездіяльність) – lack of action where some is expected or appropriate. A large number of ignition sources can be identified, but they have one thing in common, which is that they are the result of some form of carelessness or inaction.
8.	smouldering (тління (розжарення) під попелом) – to burn slowly with smoke but no flame. If the conditions are right, this can lead to a runaway process ultimately developing into a smouldering reaction at depth within the material.
9.	oxidation (окиснювання) – the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized. Smouldering involves the surface oxidation of the char, which generates enough heat locally to produce fresh char from adjacent unburnt fuel.
10.	propensity (схильність) – an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way. It should be noted that smouldering cigarettes cannot initiate flaming combustion directly (even in common gaseous fuels), but can cause smouldering in materials which have the propensity to undergo this type of combustion.
11.	char (обвуглення) – if food chars or if you char it, it burns slightly and turns black as it is cooking. Smouldering involves the surface oxidation of the char, which generates enough heat locally to produce fresh char from adjacent unburnt fuel.
12.	adjacent (прилеглий) – next to or adjoining something else. A major component in the growth of any fire is the rate at which flame will spread over adjacent combustible surfaces.
13.	flashover (спалахування) – an instance of a fire spreading very rapidly through the air because of intense heat. An example of flashover is ignition of a piece of furniture in a domestic room. The fire involving the initial piece of furniture can produce a layer of hot smoke which spreads across the ceiling in the room. The hot buoyant smoke layer grows in depth, as it is bounded by the walls of the room. 
14.	release (випускати) – to allow (something) to move, act, or flow freely. The “fuel” reacts with oxygen from the air to release energy (heat), while being converted to products of combustion, some of which may be harmful.
15.	flame (полум'я) – a hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by something on fire. Flame spread can be modelled as an advancing ignition front in which the leading edge of the flame acts as an ignition source for the fuel that is not yet burning.
16.	self-heating (самонагрівання) – Materials which have the propensity to smoulder can also exhibit the phenomenon of self-heating.
17.	fuel (паливо, пальне) – material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power. Despite the wide variety of these fuels in both their chemical and physical states, in fire they share features that are common to them all.

Task 2.6.2. Study the word combinations below:

combustible materials	горючі матеріали	flammable vapour	вогненебезпечна пара	
carbon-based	на основі вуглецю	flammability limit	межа вогненебезпечності	
ignition source	джерело запалювання	vapour pressure	тиск або пружність пари	
self-sustaining reaction	самостійна реакція	diffusion flame	дифузійне полум'я	
release energy (heat)	виділяти енергію (тепло)	sufficient flow of vapours	достатній потік пари	
synthetic polymers	синтетичні полімери	flame-retarded materials	матеріали, що запалюють полум'я	
solid materials	тверді матеріали	impinging flame	контактуюче полум'я	
radiative flux	радіаційний потік	naked flames	відкритий вогонь	
burning area	площина, що горить	radiant heat flux	променистий тепловий потік	
open flame source	відкрите джерело полум'я	lighted tobacco product	запалений тютюновий продукт	
gas-fuelled equipment	устаткування, яке використовує газ як паливо	spontaneous heating	спонтанне нагрівання	
mechanical sparks	механічні іскри	frictional heating	статичне опалення	

Task 2.6.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and phrases into sentences:

1.	A major component, combustible surfaces, is the rate, flame will spread, in the growth of, any fire, at which, over adjacent.
2.	Materials, the phenomenon, the propensity, can also, which have, to smoulder, exhibit, of self-heating. 
3.	Most everyday, and liquid fuels, the phenomenon,fires involve, wood products, solid materials wood, and synthetic polymers, are not uncommon, although gaseous.
4.	The flashpoint, or combustible liquid, is the lowest temperature, of a flammable, at which the substances, sufficient flammable vapours, will give off, to ignite in air.
5.	A slightly higher, to produce, a diffusion flame, to support, temperature, is required, of vapours, a sufficient flow.
6.	Smouldering, directly, combustion, in common, even, cigarettes, flaming, gaseous fuels, cannot initiate.
7.	Smouldering, oxidation of the char, involves, generates enough heat locally to produce fresh char from adjacent unburnt fuel, the surface which.
8.	The fire, piece of furniture, a layer of, involving, can produce, the initial, hot smoke, across the ceiling, which spreads, in the room.

Tasl 2.6.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. combustion; adjacent; inaction; propensity; ignition; vapour; smouldering; release; flashpoint; char; flame; oxidation.

B. to burn slowly with smoke but no flame; the moment at which a conflict, especially a political conflict, suddenly gets worse and becomes violent; the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized; the process of burning something;
next to or adjoining something else; a hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by something on fire; if food chars or if you char it, it burns slightly and turns black as it is cooking; a substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially one normally liquid or solid; the action of setting something on fire or starting to burn;lack of action where some is expected or appropriate; to allow (something) to move, act, or flow freely; an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way.

Task 2.6.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. combustion; 2. ignition; 3. vapour; 4. flashpoint; 5. firepoint; 6.spontaneous; 7. ignition; 8. inaction; 9. smouldering; 10.oxidation; 11. propensity; 12. char ; 13. adjacent; 14. flashover; 15. release; 16. flame; 17. self-heating; 18. fuel; 19. combustible materials; 20. carbon-based; 21.  ignition source; 22. self-sustaining reaction; 23. release energy (heat); 24. synthetic polymers; 25. solid materials; 26. radiative flux; 27. burning area; 28. open flame source; 29. gas-fuelled equipment; 30. mechanical sparks; 31. flammable vapour; 32. flammability limit; 33. vapour pressure; 34. diffusion flame; 35. sufficient flow of vapours; 36. flame-retarded materials; 37. impinging flame; 38.  naked flames; 39. radiant heat flux; 40. lighted tobacco product; 41. spontaneous heating; 42. frictional heating.    

Task 2.6.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. горючі матеріали; 2. на основі вуглецю; 3. джерело запалювання; 4. самостійна реакція; 5. виділяти енергію (тепло); 6. синтетичні полімери; 7.  тверді матеріали; 8. радіаційний потік; 9. площина, що горить; 10. відкрите джерело полум'я; 11. устаткування, що працює під дією газу; 12. механічні іскри; 13. вогненебезпечна пара; 14. межа вогненебезпечності; 15.  тиск або пружність пари; 16. дифузійне полум'я; 17.  достатній потік парів; 18. матеріали, що запалюють полум'я; 19. контактуюче полум'я; 20.  відкритий вогонь; 21. променистий тепловий потік; 22. запалений тютюновий продукт; 23. спонтанне нагрівання; 24. статичне опалення; 25. горіння; 26. займання; 27. пара; 28. температура спалаху; 29. бездіяльність; 30. паливо, пальне; 31. самонагрівання; 32. полум'я; 33. випускати; 34. спалахування; 35. прилеглий; 36. обвуглення; 37. схильність; 38. окиснювання; 39. тління; 40. самозаймання; 41. точка загорання. 

Task 2.6.7. Read and translate the text below:

The Chemistry and Physics of Fire

Fire is a manifestation of uncontrolled combustion. It involves combustible materials which are found around us in the buildings in which we live, work and play, as well as a wide range of gases, liquids and solids which are encountered in industry and commerce. They are commonly carbon-based, and may be referred to collectively as fuels in the context of this discussion. Despite the wide variety of these fuels in both their chemical and physical states, in fire they share features that are common to them all. Differences are encountered in the ease with which fire can be initiated (ignition), the rate with which fire can develop (flame spread), and the power that can be generated (rate of heat release), but as our understanding of the science of fire improves, we become better able to quantify and predict fire behaviour and apply our knowledge to fire safety in general. 
Combustible materials are all around us. Given the appropriate circumstances, they can be made to burn by subjecting them to an ignition source which is capable of initiating a self-sustaining reaction. In this process, the “fuel” reacts with oxygen from the air to release energy (heat), while being converted to products of combustion, some of which may be harmful. The mechanisms of ignition and burning need to be clearly understood.
Most everyday fires involve solid materials (e.g., wood, wood products and synthetic polymers), although gaseous and liquid fuels are not uncommon. A brief review of the combustion of gases and liquids is desirable before some of the basic concepts are discussed.
Ignition of a liquid or solid involves raising the surface temperature until vapours are being evolved at a rate sufficient to support a flame after the vapours have been ignited. Liquid fuels can be classified according to their flashpoints, the lowest temperature at which there is a flammable vapour/air mixture at the surface (i.e., the vapour pressure corresponds to the lower flammability limit). These can be measured using a standard apparatus. A slightly higher temperature is required to produce a sufficient flow of vapours to support a diffusion flame. This is known as the firepoint. For combustible solids, the same concepts are valid, but higher temperatures are required as chemical decomposition is involved. The firepoint is typically in excess of 300°C, depending on the fuel. In general, flame-retarded materials have significantly higher firepoints.
For successful ignition, an ignition source must be capable not only of raising the surface temperature to the firepoint, or above, but it must also cause the vapours to ignite. An impinging flame will act in both capacities, but an imposed radiative flux from a remote source may lead to the evolution of vapours at a temperature above the firepoint, without the vapours igniting. However, if the evolved vapours are hot enough (which requires the surface temperature to be much higher than the firepoint), they may ignite spontaneously as they mix with air. This process is known as spontaneous ignition.
A large number of ignition sources can be identified, but they have one thing in common, which is that they are the result of some form of carelessness or inaction. A typical list would include naked flames, “smokers’ materials”, frictional heating, electrical devices (heaters, irons, cookers, etc.) and so on. 

Ignition sources	Examples	

Electrically powered equipment	
Electric heaters, hair dryers, electric blankets, etc.	

Open flame source	
Match, cigarette lighter, blow torch, etc.	

Gas-fuelled equipment	
Gas fire, space heater, cooker, etc.	

Other fuelled equipment	
Wood stove, etc.	

Lighted tobacco product	
Cigar, pipe, etc.	

Hot object	
Hot pipes, mechanical sparks, etc.	

Exposure to heating	
Adjacent fire, etc.	

Spontaneous heating	
Linseed oil-soaked rags, coal piles, etc.	

Chemical reaction	
Rare-e.g., potassium permanganate with glycerol	

It should be noted that smouldering cigarettes cannot initiate flaming combustion directly (even in common gaseous fuels), but can cause smouldering in materials which have the propensity to undergo this type of combustion. This is observed only with materials which char on heating. Smouldering involves the surface oxidation of the char, which generates enough heat locally to produce fresh char from adjacent unburnt fuel. It is a very slow process, but may eventually undergo a transition to flaming. Thereafter, the fire will develop very rapidly.
Materials which have the propensity to smoulder can also exhibit the phenomenon of self-heating. This arises when such a material is stored in large quantities and in such a way that heat generated by slow surface oxidation cannot escape, leading to a rise in temperature within the mass. If the conditions are right, this can lead to a runaway process ultimately developing into a smouldering reaction at depth within the material.
A major component in the growth of any fire is the rate at which flame will spread over adjacent combustible surfaces. Flame spread can be modelled as an advancing ignition front in which the leading edge of the flame acts as an ignition source for the fuel that is not yet burning. The rate of spread is determined partly by the same material properties that control the ease of ignition and partly by the interaction between the existing flame and the surface ahead of the front. Upward, vertical spread is the most rapid as buoyancy ensures that the flames flow upwards, exposing the surface above the burning area to direct heat transfer from the flames. This should be contrasted with spread over a horizontal surface when the flames from the burning area rise vertically, away from the surface. Indeed, it is common experience that vertical spread is the most hazardous (e.g., flame spread on curtains and drapes and on loose clothing such as dresses and nightgowns).
The rate of spread is also affected by an imposed radiant heat flux. In the development of a fire in a room, the area of the fire will grow more rapidly under the increasing level of radiation that builds up as the fire progresses. This will contribute to the acceleration of fire growth that is characteristic of flashover.

Task 2.6.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Основними напрямками забезпечення пожежної безпеки є усунення умов виникнення пожежі та мінімізації її наслідків.
2.	Об’єкти, пожежі на яких можуть призвести до загибелі або масового ураження людей небезпечними факторами пожежі та їх вторинними проявами, а також до значного пошкодження матеріальних цінностей, повинні мати системи пожежної безпеки, що забезпечують мінімально можливу імовірність виникнення пожежі.
3.	Об’єкти повинні мати системи пожежної безпеки, спрямовані на запобігання пожежі, дії на людей та матеріальні цінності небезпечних факторів пожежі, в тому числі їх вторинних проявів.
4.	Вкрай важливими є екологічні наслідки пожеж. Це - забруднення навколишнього середовища продуктами горіння, засобами пожежогасіння та пошкодженими матеріалами, руйнування озонового шару, втрати атмосферою кисню, теплове забруднення, посилення парникового ефекту, тощо.
5.	Для виникнення горіння необхідна одночасна наявність трьох чинників - горючої речовини, окисника та джерела запалювання. 
6.	Найбільш загальними властивостями горіння є здатність осередку полум'я пересуватися по всій горючій суміші шляхом передачі тепла або дифузії активних частинок із зони горіння в свіжу суміш. 
7.	Тління — безполуменеве горіння матеріалу (речовини) у твердій фазі з видимим випромінюванням світла із зони горіння.
8.	Температура спалахування — найменша температура матеріалу (речовини), за якої за встановленими умовами випробування матеріал (речовина) виділяє горючі пару та гази з такою швидкістю, що під час впливу на них джерела запалювання спостерігається спалахування.
9.	Горючі — речовини та матеріали, які здатні до самозаймання, а також займання від джерела запалювання і самостійного горіння після його вилучення.

Task 2.6.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

fire detection system	система виявлення пожежі	to detect fire automatically	автоматично виявляти вогонь	
alarm system	сигналізація	premises	приміщення	
to warn building occupants	попереджати жителів будинку	emergency generator	аварійний генератор	
alarm-initiating device	пожежний сповіщувач	automatic fire detector	автоматичний пожежний сигналізатор	
manual pull station	ручний пожежний сповіщувач	sprinkler system flow device	пристрій спринклерної системи	
alarm-indicating device	індикаторний сигнальний пристрій	ventilation shut-down function	функція вимкнення вентиляції	
remote alarm indication	індикація віддаленої аварії	external response 	зовнішня характеристика	
smoke control system	система протидимного захисту	pressurize stairway	герметизувати сходове відділення	
exit path	вихід	atrium building	будинок з атріумом (відкритим внутрішнім двориком)	
automatic sprinkler head	зрошувач	portable fire extinguisher	портативний вогнегасник	
sufficient heat	достатній рівень тепла	hose reel	котушка для рукавів	
brazed 	паяний	safe egress	безпечний вихід	
valve tamper switch	контрольний перемикач пожежних кранів	vicinity	прилегла територія 	
fire alarm control panel	панель пожежної сигналізації	flanged	із загнутим бортом	
screwed	закріплений гвинтами	mechanical joint	фланцевий стик (трубопроводу)	
special extinguishing system	спеціальна система пожежогасіння	heat absorption capability	теплопоглинаюча здатність
	
droplet	вкраплення	pressure vessel	балон високого тиску	
inject	впорскувати	flammable liquid	легкозаймиста рідина	
expanded foam	пінопласт	foam blanket	пінне покривало	
cooling effect	охолоджуючий ефект	reignition	повторне запалювання	
discharge level	рівень випускання	carrying handle	ручка для переноски	
check valve	затримуючий клапан	suction tank	прийомний резервуар	
gravity tank	водонапірний резервуар	tank control valve	контрольний клапан резервуару	
fuel vapour propagation	розповсюдження випарів палива	discharge foam	випускати піну	

Task 2.6.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:

A	B	
To reduce the threat of smoke from entering exit paths during evacuation from a structure, smoke control systems can be used.	Водорозподільчі протипожежні системи складаються з водопроводу, розподільних клапанів і трубопроводів, підключених до автоматичних спринклерних головок (зрошувачів).	
Portable fire extinguishers and water hose reels are often provided for use by building occupants to fight small fire.	Вода протікає через мережу трубопроводів, яка зазвичай підвішена до стелі, причому головки спринклерів підвішені з інтервалом уздовж труб.	
Water sprinkler systems consist of a water supply, distribution valves and piping connected to automatic sprinkler heads.	Для боротьби з невеликим вогнем мешканцям будинків часто пропонують користуватися портативними вогнегасниками та котушками з пожежними рукавами	
Water for an automatic sprinkler system must be available in sufficient quantity and at sufficient volume and pressure at all times to ensure reliable operation in the event of fire.	Щоб зменшити загрозу входу диму у шляхи виходу під час евакуації з приміщення, можна використовувати димовитяжні системи.
	
Supervision of the control valves can be accomplished by the automatic fire alarm system by provision of valve tamper switches that will initiate a trouble or supervisory signal at the fire alarm control panel to indicate a closed valve. 	Піноконцентрат та повітря змішуються через механічну дію розряду або шляхом аспірації повітря в розрядний пристрій.	
Water flows through a piping network, ordinarily suspended from the ceiling, with the sprinkler heads suspended at intervals along the pipes.	Нагляд за клапанами може бути виконаний автоматичною системою пожежної сигналізації за допомогою контрольного перемикача пожежних кранів, який запускає сигнал тривоги або контрольний сигнал на панелі пожежної сигналізації для визначення закритого клапана.	
Foam concentrate and air are mixed, either through the mechanical action of discharge or by aspirating air into the discharge device.	Вода для автоматичної спринклерної системи повинна бути в достатній кількості і з достатнім об'ємом та тиском в будь-який час для забезпечення надійної роботи в разі пожежі.	

Task 2.6.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. alarm system; 2. fire detection system; 3. to detect fire automatically; 4. to warn building occupants; 5. premises; 6. emergency generator; 7. alarm-initiating device; 8.  automatic fire detector; 9. manual pull station; 10. sprinkler system flow device; 11. alarm-indicating device; 12. ventilation shut-down function; 13. remote alarm indication; 14. external response location; 15. smoke control system; 16. exit path; 17. pressurize stairway; 18. atrium building; 19. portable fire extinguisher; 20. hose reel; 21. safe egress; 22. automatic sprinkler head; 23. sufficient heat; 24. vicinity; 25. valve tamper switche; 26. fire alarm control panel; 27. brazed; 28. screwed; 29. flanged; 30. mechanical joint; 31. special extinguishing system; 32. droplet; 33. heat absorption capability; 34. pressure vessels; 35. inject; 36. expanded foam; 37. flammable liquid; 38. foam blanket; 39. cooling effect; 40. reignition; 41. fuel vapour propagation; 42. discharge foam; 43. discharge level; 44. carrying handle; 45.suction tank; 46. check valve; 47. gravity tank; 48. tank control valve. 

Task 2.6.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. cигналізація; 2. система виявлення пожежі; 3. автоматично виявляти вогонь; 4. попереджати жителів будинку; 5. приміщення; 6.  аварійний генератор; 7. пожежний сповіщувач; 8. автоматичний пожежний сигналізатор; 9. ручний пожежний сповіщувач; 10. пристрій спринклерної системи; 11. індикаторний сигнальний пристрій; 12. функція вимкнення вентиляції; 13. індикація віддаленої аварії; 14. зовнішня характеристика; 15. система протидимного захисту; 16. шлях виходу; 17. герметизувати сходове відділення; 18. будинок з атріумом (відкритим внутрішнім двориком); 19. портативний вогнегасник; 20. котушка для пожежних рукавів; 21. безпечний вихід; 22. зрошувач; 23. достатній рівень тепла; 24. прилегла територія; 25. контрольний перемикач пожежних кранів; 26. панель пожежної сигналізації; 27. паяний; 28. закріплений гвинтами; 29. із загнутим бортом; 30. фланцевий стик (трубопроводу); 31. спеціальна система пожежогасіння; 32. вкраплення; 33.  теплопоглинаюча здатність; 34. балон високого тиску; 35. впорскувати; 36. пінопласт; 37. легкозаймиста рідина; 38. пінне покривало; 39. охолоджуючий ефект; 40. повторне запалювання; 41. розповсюдження випарів палива; 42. випускання піни; 43. рівень випускання; 44. ручка для переноски; 45. затримуючий клапан; 46. прийомний резервуар; 47.  водонапірний резервуар; 48. контрольний клапан резервуару.    

Task 2.6.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 2.6.2, 2.6.9 in case of difficulties:
Fire Protection Measures.
Life Safety and Property Protection
As the primary importance of any fire protection measure is to provide an acceptable degree of life safety to inhabitants of a structure, in most countries legal requirements applying to fire protection are based on life safety concerns. Property protection features are intended to limit physical damage. In many cases these objectives are complementary. Where concern exists with the loss of property, its function or contents, an owner may choose to implement measures beyond the required minimum necessary to address life safety concerns.
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
A fire detection and alarm system provides a means to detect fire automatically and to warn building occupants of the threat of fire. It is the audible or visual alarm provided by a fire detection system that is the signal to begin the evacuation of the occupants from the premises. This is especially important in large or multi-storey buildings where occupants would be unaware that a fire was underway within the structure and where it would be unlikely or impractical for warning to be provided by another inhabitant.
Basic elements of a fire detection and alarm system
A fire detection and alarm system may include all or some of the following:
1.     a system control unit
2.     a primary or main electrical power supply
3.     a secondary (stand-by) power supply, usually supplied from batteries or an emergency generator
4.     alarm-initiating devices such as automatic fire detectors, manual pull stations and/or sprinkler system flow devices, connected to “initiating circuits” of the system control unit
5.     alarm-indicating devices, such as bells or lights, connected to “indicating circuits” of the system control unit
ancillary controls such as ventilation shut-down functions, connected to output circuits of the system control unit
7.     remote alarm indication to an external response location, such as the fire department
8.     control circuits to activate a fire protection system or smoke control system.
Smoke Control Systems
To reduce the threat of smoke from entering exit paths during evacuation from a structure, smoke control systems can be used. Generally, mechanical ventilation systems are employed to supply fresh air to the exit path. This method is most often used to pressurize stairways or atrium buildings. This is a feature intended to enhance life safety.
Portable Fire Extinguishers and Hose Reels
Portable fire extinguishers and water hose reels are often provided for use by building occupants to fight small fire. Building occupants should not be encouraged to use a portable fire extinguisher or hose reel unless they have been trained in their use. In all cases, operators should be very cautious to avoid placing themselves in a position where safe egress is blocked. For any fire, no matter how small, the first action should always be to notify other building occupants of the threat of fire and summon assistance from the professional fire service.

Water Sprinkler Systems
Water sprinkler systems consist of a water supply, distribution valves and piping connected to automatic sprinkler heads. While current sprinkler systems are primarilyintended to control the spread of fire, many systems have accomplished complete extinguishment.
A typical sprinkler installation showing all common water supplies, outdoor hydrants and underground piping

A common misconception is that all automatic sprinkler heads open in the event of a fire. In fact, each sprinkler head is designed to open only when sufficient heat is present to indicate a fire. Water then flows only from the sprinkler head(s) that have opened as the result of fire in their immediate vicinity. This design feature provides efficient use of water for fire-fighting and limits water damage.
Water supply
Water for an automatic sprinkler system must be available in sufficient quantity and at sufficient volume and pressure at all times to ensure reliable operation in the event of fire. Where a municipal water supply cannot meet this requirement, a reservoir or pump arrangement must be provided to provide a secure water supply.
Control valves
Control valves should be maintained in the open position at all times. Often, supervision of the control valves can be accomplished by the automatic fire alarm system by provision of valve tamper switches that will initiate a trouble or supervisory signal at the fire alarm control panel to indicate a closed valve. If this type of monitoring cannot be provided, the valves should be locked in the open position.
Piping
Water flows through a piping network, ordinarily suspended from the ceiling, with the sprinkler heads suspended at intervals along the pipes. Piping used in sprinkler systems should be of a type that can withstand a working pressure of not less than 1,200 kPa. For exposed piping systems, fittings should be of the screwed, flanged, mechanical joint or brazed type.
Sprinkler heads
A sprinkler head consists of an orifice, normally held closed by a temperature-sensitive releasing element, and a spray deflector. The water discharge pattern and spacing requirements for individual sprinkler heads are used by sprinkler designers to ensure complete coverage of the protected risk.
Special Extinguishing Systems
Special extinguishing systems are used in cases where water sprinklers would not provide adequate protection or where the risk of damage from water would be unacceptable. In many cases where water damage is of concern, special extinguishing systems may be used in conjunction with water sprinkler systems, with the special extinguishing system designed to react at an early stage of fire development.
Water and water-additive special extinguishing systems
Water spray systems
Water spray systems increase the effectiveness of water by producing smaller water droplets, and thus a greater surface area of water is exposed to the fire, with a relative increase in heat absorption capability. This type of system is often chosen as a means of keeping large pressure vessels, such as butane spheres, cool when there is a risk of an exposure fire originating in an adjacent area. The system is similar to a sprinkler system; however, all heads are open, and a separate detection system or manual action is used to open control valves. This allows water to flow through the piping network to all spray devices that serve as outlets from the piping system.
Foam systems
In a foam system, a liquid concentrate is injected into the water supply before the control valve. Foam concentrate and air are mixed, either through the mechanical action of discharge or by aspirating air into the discharge device. The air entrained in the foam solution creates an expanded foam. As expanded foam is less dense than most hydrocarbons, the expanded foam forms a blanket on top of the flammable liquid. This foam blanket reduces fuel vapour propagation. Water, which represents as much as 97% of the foam solution, provides a cooling effect to further reduce vapour propagation and to cool hot objects that could serve as a source of re-ignition.

PART III. SAFETY AND SECURITY IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit 1
Ionizing Radiation: Health Effects and Protective Measures

Task 3.1.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:

1.	radiation (радіація; опромінення; радіоактивне випромінювання) – the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization. Ionizing radiation is the radiation which can ionize the environment directly or indirectly.
2.	back radiation flows (потоки вторинних випромінювань) – back radiation flows (X-rays and gamma rays, protons, neurons and deuterons) occurring during the interaction between radioactive rays and artificially accelerated particles and the substance.
3.	radioactive tracers (радіоактивні ізотопи) – Radioactive tracers are used in industry as a source of alpha, beta and gamma rays.
4.	radiation disease (променева хвороба) – diseases relating to radiation or caused by it. At the last stage of radiation disease, cells and the entire body die.
5.	metabolic diseases (хвороби пов’язані з порушенням обміну речовин) – diseases relating to a person's or animal's metabolism. Free radicals react with molecules of protein, enzymes and other vital substances, as a result of which normal biochemical reactions are impaired and metabolic diseases appear.
6.	somatic (соматичний) – relating to the body, especially as distinct from the mind. Many cancers are somatic mutations.
7.	genetic (генетичний) – relating to genes or heredity. Maximum permissible dose (MPD) is the biggest dose effecting human body that does not cause irrevocable somatic and genetic changes in it.
8.	flux (потік) – the amount of radiation or particles incident on an area in a given time. Beta rays are a flux of betas – electrons and protons that have equal masses.
9.	cell (клітина) – the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. At the last stage of radiation disease, cells and the entire body die.
10.	irrevocable (незворотний) – not able to be changed, reversed, or recovered; final. It is an irrevocable change that needs to be accepted.
11.	muscle (м’язи) – a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract. The neck muscles are responsible for the gross motor movement in the muscular system of the head and neck.
12.	liver (печінка) – a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes. The liver is your largest internal organ, weiting about 1.5 kilograms in adults.
13.	gonad (гонада (статева залоза)) – an organ that produces gametes. The first group includes the entire body, gonads, red bone marrow.
14.	kidneys (нирки) – each of a pair of organs in the abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, and reptiles, that excrete urine. The secondgroup includes muscles, thyroid gland, adipose tissue, liver, kidneys, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, lens and other organs that are not included in groups I and III;
15.	spleen (селезінка) – an abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system. The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system.
16.	lungs (легені) – each of the pair of organs situated within the ribcage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed. The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory systemin humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.
17.	lens (кришталик ока) – the transparent elastic structure behind the iris by which light is focused on to the retina of the eye. Because the lens is flexible and elastic, it can change its curved shape to focus on objects and people that are either nearby or at a distance.
18.	skin (шкіра) – the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal. Skin does far more than the obvious task of keeping your insides on the inside. It’s a washable, stretchable, sefl-repairing fabric that lasts a lifetime with minimal care.
19.	bone (кістка) – any of the pieces of hard whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates. The third group includes skin, bones, shanks and footsteps.

Task 3.1.2. Study the word combinations below:

spontaneous splitting	самовільний розпад	free radicals	вільні радикали
	
artificially accelerated	штучно прискорений	vital substances	життєво важливі речовини	
helium nuclei	ядро гелію
	blood structure	склад крові	
positive charge	позитивний заряд	somatic changes	соматичні зміни
	
penetrating power	проникна здатність
	genetic changes	генетичні зміни	
colliding with atoms	жива тканина	to be exposed to radiation	потрапити під дію опромінення	
red bone marrow	червоний кістковий мозок	thyroid gland	щитоподібна залоза	
adipose tissue	жирова тканина	gastrointestinal tract	шлунково-кишковий тракт	
shanks and footsteps	гомілки та стопи	dose limitation	обмеження дози	

Task 3.1.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations into sentences:

1. Ionization, a living tissue, causes, effects, that, radiation. 2. Increases produces, and, reactivity, free, atom, radiation, radicals. 3. Harmful, one, than, indirect, effect, direct, radiation, is, more, the. 4. Can, the, indirectly, or, radiation, directly, ionize, the, environment. 5. Source, tracers, are, industry, used, as, in, a, radiation, gamma, and, rays, beta, alpha. 6. React, molecules, free, protein, and, radicals, enzymes, free, react, vital substances, with, other. 7. Gamma quanta, radiation, wave-length, a, with, electromagnetic, short, of, flux, is. 8. Cells, at the, radiation, last stage, entire body, disease, of, and, die. 9. Electrons, that, have, a flux, masses, of, beta, protons, and, have, rays, equal. 10. Biochemical, metabolic, appear, normal, diseases, reactions, because, the, impaired, are.

Task 3.1.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. genetic, cell, gonads, muscle, radiation, somatic, irrevocable, bone, skin, metabolicdiseases, lungs, lens. 

B. organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes; an organ that produces gametes; not able to be changed, reversed, or recovered; the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves; relating to a person's or animal's metabolism; tissue making up the skeleton; tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body; relating to the body; the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism; relating to genes or heredity; oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed with their help; by which light is focused on to the retina of the eye; tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract.

Task 3.1.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. bones; 2. freeradicals; 3. wave-length; 4. lungs; 5. cell; 6. somaticchanges; 7. shanksandfootsteps; 8. spontaneoussplitting; 9. vital substances; 10. backradiationflows; 11. gastrointestinal tract; 12. artificially accelerated; 13. flux; 14. helium nuclei; 15. positive charges; 16. thyroid gland; 17. adipose tissue; 18. liver; 19. to be exposed to radiation; 20. penetrating power; 21. lens; 22. colliding with atoms; 23. living tissue; 24. metabolic diseases; 25. kidneys; 26. radiation disease; 27. blood structure; 28. gonad; 29. cell; 30. irrevocable; 31. genetic changes; 32. red bone marrow; 33. spleen; 34. skin; 35. radiation; 36. radioactive traces; 37. muscles.

Task 3.1.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. склад крові; 2. випромінювання; 3. печінка; 4. радіоактивні ізотопи; 5. довжина хвилі; 6. самовільний розпад; 7. потоки вторинних випромінювань; 8. незворотний; 9. зіткнення з атомами; 10. довжина хвилі; 11. штучно прискорений; 12. потік; 13. нирки; 14. червоний кістковий мозок; 15. шкіра; 16. м’язи; 17. ядро гелію; 18. кістки; 19. жирова тканина; 20. клітина; 21. проникна здатність; 22. жива тканина; 23. вільні радикали; 24. гомілки та стопи; 25. хвороби пов’язані із порушенням обміну речовин; 26. легені; 27. променева хвороба; 28. селезінка; 29. соматичні зміни; 30. генетичні зміни; 31. потрапити під дію опромінення; 32. гонади; 33. позитивний заряд; 34. щитоподібна залоза; 35. шлунково-кишковий тракт; 36. кришталик ока; 37. життєво важливі речовини.

Task 3.1.7. Read and translate the text below:

Ionizing radiation is the radiation which can ionize the environment directly or indirectly.
Ionizing radiation is alpha, beta and gamma radiation issued by radioactive traces during their spontaneous splitting; back radiation flows (X-rays and gamma rays, protons, neurons and deuterons) occurring during the interaction between radioactive rays and artificially accelerated particles and the substance.
Radioactive tracers are used in industry as a source of alpha, beta and gamma rays.
Alpha rays are a flux of alphas – helium nuclei that have positive charges. They have a lot penetrating power because they lose a large amount of energy when colliding with atoms.
Beta rays are a flux of betas – electrons and protons that have equal masses. They are characterized by a lower ionizing and a higher penetrating power than alpha rays.
Gamma rays are a flux of gamma quanta – electromagnetic radiation with a short wave-length. They have a high penetrating and a low ionizing power.
Radiation that effects a living tissue causes ionization, increases atom reactivity and produces free radicals.
Free radicals react with molecules of protein, enzymes and other vital substances, as a result of which normal biochemical reactions are impaired and metabolic diseases appear. Henceforward, physiological processes and blood structure begin to change. At the last stage of radiation disease, cells and the entire body die.
Radiation safety is regulated by the following documents: “Radiation Standards of Ukraine” (RSU-97, НРБУ-97) and “Basic Sanitary Rules of Working with Radioactive Substances and Other IONIZING Substances” (BSR, щсп-72/87).
Maximum permissible dose (MPD) is the biggest dose effecting human body that does not cause irrevocable somatic and genetic changes in it, which are detected with the help of modern examination methods.
The system of dose limitations and principles of their use are given in (RSU-97, НРБУ-97), where three categories of people who may be exposed to radiation are listed:
-	Category A includes personnel who deal with radioactive substances professionally; 
-	Category B includes persons who may be exposed to radiation due to their living and working conditions;
-	Category C includes the rest of Ukrainian population.
In accordance with radiation sensitivity reduction level three groups of critical organs have been established:
I – group includes the entire body, gonads, red bone marrow;
II – group includes muscles, thyroid gland, adipose tissue, liver, kidneys, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, lens and other organs that are not included in groups I and III;
III – group includes skin, bones, shanks and footsteps (table 1).
Table 1
Dose limits of external and internal radiation

Dose limits of external and internal radiation per year in Sv	Groups of critical organs	
	I	II	III	
MPD for category A 	0,05	0,15	0,30	
MPD for category B and C	0,005	0,015	0,03	

Task3.1.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Непряма дія радіації завдає більшої шкоди, ніж пряма дія. 2. У промисловості радіоактивні ізотопи застосовують як джерела випромінювання альфа, бета, гамма променів. 3. Радіоактивне випромінювання, діючи на живу тканину, викликає іонізацію, підвищує реакційну здатність атомів, утворює вільні радикали. 4. Бета-промені характеризуються меншою іонізуючою та більшою проникною здатністю, ніж альфа-промені. 5. Вільні радикали вступають у реакцію з молекулами білків, ферментів, інших життєво важливих речовин, унаслідок чого порушується обмін речовин. 6. Гамма-промені мають велику проникну здатність і малу іонізуючу дію. 7. Променева хвороба призводить до загибелі клітин та всього організму. 8. Альфа-промені мають малу проникну здатність, тому що втрачають велику кількість енергії під час зіткнення з атомами. 9. Результатом взаємодії радіоактивних випромінювань і штучно прискорених заряджених частинок із речовиною виникають потоки вторинних випромінювана.  10. Іонізуючим називається випромінювання, яке прямо або непрямо може іонізувати середовище. 

Task 3.1.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

envisaged	передбачений	avoid	уникати	
to be engaged in work	бути залученим у роботу	indicate	визначати	
remedial action	усунення недоліків	technical findings	технічні відкриття	
to take the precautions 	вживати запобіжних засобів	health and safety	здоров’я та безпека	
exposure	піддавання (зовнішньому) впливу	maximum permissible dose	максимально допустима доза	
notification	попередження	ascertain	переконуватися, упевнюватися	
the lowest practicable level	найнижчий потенційно можливий рівень 	appropriate warnings	підходящі 
застереження	
the applicable level	відповідний (підходящий) рівень	competent authority	кваліфікований (керівний) орган 	
hazard	ризик, небезпека	restrict	обмежувати	
maximum permissible amount	гранично допустима кількість	supply with 
necessary information	забезпечити необхідною інформацією	
medical examination	медичний огляд	to carry out	здійснювати	
external or internal sources	зовнішні та внутрішні джерела	radioactive substances	радіоактивні речовини	
to perform the duty 	виконувати обов’язки 	appropriate	відповідний	
current knowledge	сучасні знання	to keep under constant review	постійно тримати під наглядом	

Task 3.1.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in column
B:
A	B	
Відповідні застереження необхідно вжити для того, щоб визначити наявність небезпеки іонізуючого випромінювання. Будь-яка необхідна інформація з цього приводу повинна бути надана працівникам.	Maximum permissible doses of ionising radiations which may be received from sources external to or internal to the body and maximum permissible amounts of radioactive substances which can be taken into the body shall be fixed for various categories of workers.
	
Усі працівники, безпосередньо зайняті у радіаційно-небезпечних роботах, мають бути належним чином проінструктовані, до і під час виконання такихробіт, стосовно правил техніки безпеки, яких необхідно дотримуватися для з метою захисту їх здоровя та забезпечення безпеки.	Appropriate monitoring of workers and places of work shall be carried out in order to measure the exposure of workers to ionising radiations and radioactive substances, with a view to ascertaining that the applicable levels are respected.
	
Гранично допустимі дози такого випромінювання та кількість радіоактивних речовин повинні постійно переглядатись з огляду на сучасні знання.	3. Appropriate warnings shall be used to indicate the presence of hazards from ionising radiations. Any information necessary in this connection shall be supplied to the workers	
Гранично допустимі дози іонізуючого випромінювання, які може отримати організм із зовнішніх та внутрішніх джерел, та гранично допустиму кількість радіоактивних речовин, які можуть потрапити у організм, необхідно визначати для різних категорій працівників. 	Circumstances shall be specified, because of the nature or degree of the exposure of workers or a combination of both.	
Закони або нормативні акти повинні передбачатив установленому порядку попередження про роботу, повязану з опроміненням працівників інонізуючим випромінюванням в процесі їх роботи.	Maximum permissible doses of the radiations and amounts of the radioactive substances shall be kept under constant review in the light of current knowledge	
Умови праці повинні точно визначатися відповідно до природи та рівня впливу на працівника або поєднання обох.	Laws or regulations shall require the notification in a manner prescribed thereby of work involving exposure of workers to ionising radiations in the course of their work.	
Необхідно здійснювати нагляд за працівниками, робочим місцем та визначати рівень впливу на працівника іонізуючого випромінювання та радіоактивних речовин  для того, щоб переконатись, що відповідний рівень дотриманий.	All workers directly engaged in radiation work shall be adequately instructed, before and during such employment, in the precautions to be taken for their protection, as regards their health and safety.	

Task 3.1.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. to keep under constant review; 2. radioactive substances; 3. maximum permissible amount; 4. appropriate; 5. notification; 6. supply with necessary information; 7. avoid; 8.technical findings; 9.to take the precautions; 10. maximum permissible dose; 11. to perform the duty; 12.remedial action; 13.envisaged; 14.health and safety; 15.the lowest practicable level; 16.ascertain; 17.competent authority; 18.restrict; 19.to be engaged in work; 20.hazard; 21.medical examination; 22.indicate; 23.exposure; 24.external or internal sources; 25.radioactive substances; 26.the applicable level; 27.current knowledge; 28.tocarry out.

Task 3.1.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. гранично допустима доза; 2. попередження; 3. забезпечити необхідною інформацією; 4. сучасні знання; 5. бути залученим у роботу; 6. кваліфікований (керівний) орган; 7. медичний огляд; 8. виконувати обов’язки; 9. обмежувати; 10. технічні відкриття; 11. ризик, небезпека; 12. зовнішні та внутрішні джерела; 13. радіоактивні речовини; 14. постійно тримати під наглядом; 15. здійснювати; 16. усунення недоліків; 17. вживати запобіжних засобів; 18. переконуватися, упевнюватися; 19.  передбачений; 20. відповідний; 21. здоров’я та безпека; 22. відповідний рівень; 23. визначати; 24. піддавання (зовнішньому) впливу; 25. підходящі застереження; 26. найнижчий потенційно можливий рівень; 27. уникати.

Task 3.1.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 3.1.2, 3.1.9 in case of difficulties:

Convention concerning the Protection of Workers against Ionising Radiations.

Article 5
Every effort shall be made to restrict the exposure of workers to ionising radiations to the lowest practicable level, and any unnecessary exposure shall be avoided by all parties concerned.
Article 6
1. Maximum permissible doses of ionising radiations which may be received from sources external to or internal to the body and maximum permissible amounts of radioactive substances which can be taken into the body shall be fixed for various categories of workers.
2. Such maximum permissible doses and amounts shall be kept under constant review in the light of current knowledge.
Article 7
1. Appropriate levels shall be fixed in accordance with Article 6 for workers who are directly engaged in radiation work and are--
(a) aged 18 and over;
(b) under the age of 18.
2. No worker under the age of 16 shall be engaged in work involving ionising radiations.
Article 8
Appropriate levels shall be fixed in accordance with Article 6 for workers who are not directly engaged in radiation work, but who remain or pass where they may be exposed to ionising radiations or radioactive substances.
Article 9
1. Appropriate warnings shall be used to indicate the presence of hazards from ionising radiations. Any information necessary in this connection shall be supplied to the workers.
2. All workers directly engaged in radiation work shall be adequately instructed, before and during such employment, in the precautions to be taken for their protection, as regards their health and safety, and the reasons therefor.
Article 10
Laws or regulations shall require the notification in a manner prescribed thereby of work involving exposure of workers to ionising radiations in the course of their work.
Article 11
Appropriate monitoring of workers and places of work shall be carried out in order to measure the exposure of workers to ionising radiations and radioactive substances, with a view to ascertaining that the applicable levels are respected.
Article 12
All workers directly engaged in radiation work shall undergo an appropriate medical examination prior to or shortly after taking up such work and subsequently undergo further medical examinations at appropriate intervals.
Article 13
Circumstances shall be specified, because of the nature or degree of the exposure or a combination of both, the following action shall be taken promptly:
(a) the worker shall undergo an appropriate medical examination;
(b) the employer shall notify the competent authority in accordance with its requirements;
(c) persons competent in radiation protection shall examine the conditions in which the worker's duties are performed;
(d) the employer shall take any necessary remedial action on the basis of the technical findings and the medical advice.
Article 14
No worker shall be employed or shall continue to be employed in work by reason of which the worker could be subject to exposure to ionising radiations contrary to qualified medical advice.
Article 15
Each Member which ratifies this Convention undertakes to provide appropriate inspection services for the purpose of supervising the application of its provisions, or to satisfy itself that appropriate inspection is carried out.
Article 16
The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.
Article 17
1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organisation whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General.
2. It shall come into force twelve months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director-General.
3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.
Article 18
1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of five years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered.
2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of five years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of five years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of five years under the terms provided for in this Article.
Article 19
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organisation of the registration of all ratifications and denunciations communicated to him by the Members of the Organisation.
2. When notifying the Members of the Organisation of the registration of the second ratification communicated to him, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organisation to the date upon which the Convention will come into force.
Article 20
The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by him in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles.
Article 21
At such times as it may consider necessary the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.
Article 22
1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides:
(a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 18 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
(b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.
Article 23
The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative.
The foregoing is the authentic text of the Convention duly adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation during its Forty-fourth Session which has held at Geneva and declared closed the twenty-third day of June 1960.

Unit2
Lighting Safety in the Workplace

Task 3.2.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:

1.	glare (різке світло; сліпучий блиск) – strong and dazzling light. Glare is a visual condition in which there is excessive contrast or inappropriate distribution of light sources that disturbs the observer or limits the ability to distinguish details and objects.
2.	vision (зір, бачення; зорове сприйняття) – the faculty or state of being able to see. Glare not only causes your vision to be distorted, it can also be quite painful.  
3.	light (світло, джерело світла) – the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible; a source of illumination, especially an electric lamp. Light is important to organisms, because it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both people and animals.
4.	biorhythm (біоритм) – a recurring cycle in the physiology or functioning of an organism, such as the daily cycle of sleeping and waking. For human being day and night determine biorhythm and periods of vivacity and sleep.
5.	vivacity (жвавість; веселість, життєрадісність) – the quality of being attractively lively and animated. If someone says you're full of vivacity, that means you have high spirits and are full of life.
6.	dazzle (засліплення) – brightness that blinds someone temporarily. Disability glare can dazzle and impede vision.
7.	fatigue (втома) – a reduction in the efficiency of a muscle or organ after prolonged activity. Although lighting levels may be adequate in the factory as a whole, glare from a direct light source or reflected off equipment or shiny surfaces can cause discomfort, eye strain and fatigue.
8.	reflect (відбивати) – (of a surface or body) to throw back (heat, light, or sound) without absorbing it. Make sure work surfaces have a dull or matte finish since shiny surfaces reflect light more.
9.	sunlight (сонячне світло) – light from the sun. The most common culprits of glare in the workplace are computer screens and sunlight.
10.	illumination (освітлення) – lights used in decorating a building or other structure. According to scientific researches more than 80% of all information are received visually, thus its quality mostly depend on illumination.
11.	scatter (розсіювання) – to deflect or diffuse (electromagnetic radiation or particles). Glare occurs when light (either from a singular bright light source or from a more diffuse source) scatters across the entire visual field.
12.	retina (сітківка (ока)) – a layer at the back of the eyeball that contains cells sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.   This scattering of light across the retina's surface often dazzles the sight and greatly reduces the quality of image received by the retina. 
13.	abundance (поширеність) – the quantity or amount of something present in a particular area, volume, or sample. Glare is caused by a combination of an abundance of light as well as diffuse and specular reflections in your visual field.
14.	spectrum (спектр) – a band of colours, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength. Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect.
15.	adjust (пристосовувати) – to adapt or become used to a new situation. Even adjusting colours on walls and ceilings can add contrast and reduce glare in work areas.
16.	blind (штора, маркіза) – a screen for a window, especially one on a roller or made of slats. Diffuse light with lamp shades or globes, and use adjustable curtains or blinds,louvers, or shades on windows.
17.	louver (жалюзі) – an opening provided with one or more slanted fixed or movable fins to allow flow of air but to exclude rain or sun or to provide privacy. Stylish wood window shutter panels with operable louvers offer privacy as well as control over the amount of light that enters a room.
18.	shade (штора; козирок) – a screen or blind on a window. The most important basic consideration for shades and blinds is proper measuring of the window.
19.	layout (розміщення) – the way in which the parts of something are arranged or laid out. Replace clear glass with opaque/translucent materials; paint glass with whitewash; and  change the layout of workstations.
20.	shiny (блискучий) – (of a smooth surface) reflecting light, typically because very clean or polished. Make sure work surfaces have a dull or matte finish since shiny surfaces reflect light more.

Task 3.2.2. Study the word combinations below:

job dissatisfaction	незадоволення роботою	poor concentration	погана концентрація	
adjusting the light source	регулювання джерела світла	adjustable contrast settings	регульовані параметри контрастності 	
distinguish details and objects	розрізняти деталі та об’єкти 	visual field	поле бачення	
filtered light	світло, яке пройшло через світлофільтр	dazzle the sight	засліплювати зір	
direct light	пряме світло	quality of image	якість зображення	
unshaded or un-diffused lighting sources	незагорожені або нерозсіяні джерела освітлення	diffuse and specular 
reflection	дифузне (розсіяне) та дзеркальне відображення	
lack of color variety	відсутність різноманіття кольорів	poor lighting conditions	погані умови освітлення	
overhead lights	верхнє освітлення	direct sunlight	пряме сонячне світло	
side/angular glare	бічний/кутовий відблиск	obscure shadows	латентні тіні	
wrap-around sunglasses	облягаючі (панорамні)
сонцезахисні окуляри	safety glasses with foam padding	захисні окуляри з пінополіуретаном	
improper head position	неправильне положення голови	to lean forward or backward	нахилитись вперед або назад	
lamp shade	абажур 	opaque/translucent materials	непрозорі/
напівпрозорі матеріали	
layout of workstation	розміщення робочого місця	anti-glare safety glasses	антиблікові окуляри	
desk lamp	настільна лампа	light level	рівень яскравості	
background color	фоновий колір	lighting situation	ситуація з освітленням	

Task 3.2.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinationsinto sentences:

1.	Glare, in the presence of bright, presents itself, most often, natural light, both, and in artificial light.
2.	Even, on walls,  can add, adjusting colours, and ceilings, reduce glare, contrast, and, in work areas.
3.	The most common, in the workplace, computer screens, culprits, and sunlight, of glare are.
4.	Anti-glare, at night, inside from, treatment, computer screens, can reduce, and inside light, glare and.
5.	Make sure, dimness, light, to suit the situation, is adjustable for, or brightness,.
6.	Raising, can help, the overall, with contrast, light level, and thus visibility.
7.	Glare,vision to be distorted, not only, it can,painful, causes your,  also, be quite. 
8.	Use, with adjustable, computer monitors, and change, contrast settings, on the computer screen, the background colour.
9.	Good lighting, the right type, for the situation, means, there’s of light, and environment.
10.	Side/angular glare, as much damage, can, as direct sunlight, cause.

Task 3.2.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. biorhythm, sunlight, dazzle, spectrum, shade, illumination, fatigue, reflect, scatter, retina, blind, layout

B. band of colours, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength; a screen for a window, especially one on a roller or made of slats; to deflect or diffuse (electromagnetic radiation or particles);a reduction in the efficiency of a muscle or organ after prolonged activity;lights used in decorating a building or other structure;
a layer at the back of the eyeball that contains cells sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed;the way in which the parts of something are arranged or laid out;brightness that blinds someone temporarily;(of a surface or body) to throw back (heat, light, or sound) without absorbing it;a recurring cycle in the physiology or functioning of an organism, such as the daily cycle of sleeping and waking;light from the sun;a screen or blind on a window.

Task 3.2.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. dazzle the sight; 2.light; 3. vivacity; 4. quality of image; 5. opaque/translucent materials; 6. dazzle; 7. overhead lights; 8.safety glasses with foam padding; 9. wrap-around sunglasses; 10. fatigue; 11. reflect; 12. sunlight; 13. poor concentration; 14. diffuse and specularreflection; 14. lighting situation; 15. side/angular glare; 16. llumination; 17. scatter; 18.vision; 19. retina; 20. adjustable contrast settings; 21. direct light; 22. to lean forward or backward; 23. abundance; 24. spectrum; 25. job dissatisfaction; 26. unshaded or un-diffused lighting sources; 27. background color; 28. poor lighting conditions; 29. adjust; 30. distinguish details and objects; 31. direct sunlight; 32. blind; 33. anti-glare safety glasses; 34. adjusting the light source; 35. louver; 36. visual field; 37. filtered light; 38. shade; 39. lack of color variety; 40. obscure shadows; 41. layout; 42. lamp shade; 43. layout of workstation; 44. shiny; 45. improper head position; 46. light level; 47. glare; 48.biorhythm; 49. desk lamp.

Task 3.2.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. жвавість; веселість, життєрадісність; 2. різке світло; 3. ситуація з освітленням; 4. розміщення робочого місця; 5. непрозорі/напівпрозорі матеріали; 6. спектр; 7. неправильне положення голови; 8.  антиблікові окуляри; 9. біоритм; 10. захисні окуляри з пінополіуретаном; 11. відбивати; 12. облягаючі (панорамні) сонцезахисні окуляри; 13. жалюзі; 14. поширеність; 15. розміщення; 16. розсіювання; 17. нахилитись вперед або назад; 18. абажур; 19. бічний/кутовий відблиск; 20. рівень яскравості; 21. пристосовувати; 22. фоновий колір; 23. пряме сонячне світло; 24.  настільна лампа; 25. блискучий; 26. латентні тіні; 27. втома; 28. світло джерело світла; 29. відсутність різноманіття кольорів; 30.  дифузне (розсіяне) та дзеркальне відображення; 31. сонячне світло; 32. незагорожені або нерозсіяні джерела освітлення; 33.зір, бачення; 34. верхнє освітлення; 35. регульовані параметри контрастності; 36. штора; козирок; 37. освітлення; 38. світло, яке пройшло через світлофільтр; 39. погані умови освітлення; 40. якість зображення; 41.  пряме світло; 42. засліплювати зір; 43. засліплення; 44. погана концентрація; 45. штора, маркіза; 46. незадоволення роботою; 47. сітківка (ока); 48. розрізняти деталі та об’єкти; 49. поле бачення; 50. регулювання джерела світла.

Task 3.2.7. Read and translate the text below:

Light is important to organisms, because it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both people and animals. For a human being day and night determine biorhythm and periods of vivacity and sleep. Lack or over - illumination cause eye strain, headaches, low mood, poor concentration, absenteeism, and job dissatisfaction, reduction in central nervous system excitation, and in general reduction of all vital processes intensity.
According to scientific researches more than 80% of all information are received visually, thus its quality mostly depend on illumination.
 What is glare?
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) defines glare as visual conditions in which there is excessive contrast or inappropriate distribution of light sources that disturbs the observer or limits the ability to distinguish details and objects.
Glare occurs when light (either from a singular bright light source or from a more diffuse source) scatters across the entire visual field. This scattering of light across the retina's surface often dazzles the sight and greatly reduces the quality of image received by the retina. 
Glare, one of the leading causes of eye strain and less-than-optimal vision, exists a significant safety hazard by making visibility difficult and even impossible at times and also through the strain it places on the eyes, neck and shoulders as muscles try to adapt. Glare most often presents itself both in the presence of bright, natural light and in artificial light.
The most common culprits of glare in the workplace are computer screens and sunlight. Glare not only causes your vision to be distorted, it can also be quite painful. 
Under glare-filled conditions, your eyes are forced to continually attempt to distinguish the glare from the visual tasks. This leads to headaches, eyestrain, and fatigue. Glare is caused by a combination of an abundance of light as well as diffuse and specular reflections in your visual field.Additional problem areas involve unshaded or un-diffused lighting sources, lack of color variety in worker surroundings and poor lighting conditions.
Why is glare a problem?
On one end of the spectrum, problems with glare exist as minor annoyances from sources like street or car lights at night or as discomfort from everyday lighting situations. At extreme levels, glare can be intense enough to disable and significantly reduce visibility or even block vision.
Glare problems in an office workspace involve using both computer screens and paper documents simultaneously.  Resulting issues include eye strain as well as significant head, neck and shoulder aches from improper head position since workers tend to lean forward or backward in an attempt to reduce the glare. Doing this for hours a day leads to long-term issues for the worker.
Age can also play a role in how much discomfort glare causes since people generally become more sensitive to glare as they age. In addition, glare impacts every individual regardless of age differently. Intolerable conditions for one person can seem acceptable to another.
Since glare problems in the workplace often come from more than one source and can vary from one day and individual to the next, solutions for this safety hazard will likely come through a combination of approaches.
10 Ways to Reduce Glare
Glare is controlled by adjusting the light source or the surface reflecting it and by filtering light before it reaches the eyes. The following solutions seek to control glare in these ways.
1.	Filter & diffuse light. Use filtered light instead of direct light, which causes the most glare. Diffuse light with lamp shades or globes, and use adjustable curtains or blinds,louvers, or shades on windows; replace clear glass with opaque/translucent materials; paint glass with whitewash; and  change the layout of workstations.
2.	Adjust work areas. Make sure work surfaces have a dull or matte finish since shiny surfaces reflect light more. Even adjusting colors on walls and ceilings can add contrast and reduce glare in work areas.
3.	Wear polarized lenses. Polarized glasses reduce glare in situations where bright light reflects off a shiny surface like water, snow, glossy printed paper or painted surfaces.
4.	Look for anti-glare coatings. Anti-glare treatment can reduce glare at night and inside from computer screens and inside light. Ask your ophthalmologist for the coating for prescription eyewear or purchase anti-glare safety glasses.
5.	Adjust light level. Although light level does impact visual performance, it’s not always brighter light levels that are needed. Often, raising the overall light level can help with contrast and thus visibility.
6.	Add a desk lamp. In some situations, adding a desk lamp for viewing paper documents helps significantly by illuminating the document while avoiding excessive light on the computer screen. Just make sure the lamp doesn’t cause additional glare off a computer monitor.
7.	Use adjustable lighting. Make sure light is adjustable for dimness or brightness to suit the situation.
8.	Let technology help. Use computer monitors with adjustable contrast settings, and change the background color on the computer screen to suit the lighting situation.
9.	Consider placement of computers. Adjust the angle and placement of monitors to reduce glare from overhead lights. Ideally, place them at a right angle to all lighting sources, including windows.
10.	Try foam seals & wrap-around glasses. Safety glasses with foam padding and wrap-around sunglasses and safety glasses help protect from side/angular glare, which can cause as much damage as direct sunlight.
Reducing Glare as a Work Place Safety Hazard
OSHA describes a good lighting situation as one that has sufficient light coming from the right direction and not causing obscure shadows. It also has good, but not excessive, contrast between the task and the background in addition to limited glare and limited extreme contrast. Finally, good lighting means there’s the right type of light for the situation and environment.

Task 3.2.8. Translate the sentences into English:

1.	Різні дослідження показують, що гарне освітлення на робочому місці робить внесок у процвітання підприємства з точки зору підвищення продуктивності та зменшення кількості помилок. 
2.	Дискомфорт, зумовлений блиском розповсюджене явище на робочих місцях. Це може викликати дискомфорт, напругу і втому, особливо, якщо це має місце протягом тривалого періоду часу.
3.	Хоча рівні освітлення на виробництві можуть бути в цілому адекватними, відблиски від прямого джерела світла, світла, яке відбивається від обладнання або блискучих поверхонь можуть викликати дискомфорт.
4.	Відблиски описуються як "світло в неправильному місці", та розрізняють три види: блиск, що обмежує дієздатність, блиск, що створює дискомфорт та рефлективний блиск.
5.	Щоб зменшити відблиски від ламп, переконайтеся, що в межах поля зору працівників немає відкритого освітлення.
6.	Відблиски, що обмежує дієздатність спричиняє засліплення та перешкоджає зору, тому часто стає причиною нещасних випадків на виробництві.
7.	На більшості підриємтв поєднують природне та штучне освітлення.
8.	На жаль, мало уваги приділяється виду роботи – так, ніби всі види робіт на підприємстві вимагають однакового рівня освітлення.

Task 3.2.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

dimm	слабкий, тьмяний	lack of focus	відсутність концентрації	
detrimental	шкідливий	drowsiness	сонливість	
fluorescent lightning 	флюоресціююче освітлення	LCD backlights	РК підсвітка	
harsh	дратівний	neon lamp	неонова лампа	
impact	вплив			
high intensity discharge lamps	розрядні лампи високої ефективності	miniature indicator lamp	мініатюрний світловий індикатор	
tanning lamp	лампа для засмаги	germicidal lamp	бактерицидна лампа	
neon signs	неонові вивіски	arc lamp	дугова лампа	
photographic electronic flashes and strobes	фотографічні електронні спалахи та строби	A/V projector	аудіо-відео прожектор	
stem	штенгель	glass mount	шкляна оправа 	
envelope	колба	leak	просочуватися	
light bulb	електрична лампочка	emission	емісія 	
laptop computers	портативний комп’ютер	incandescent lamp	лампа розжарення	
gas-discharge lamp
	газорозрядна лампа	translucent ceramic tube	напівпрозора керамічна труба	
filament	нитка розжарення	quartz	кварц	
culprit	обвинувачуваний	microwave field	НВЧ-поле	
inert gas	інертний газ	vacuum	вакуум	
evaporate	випаровувати	direct current	постійний струм	
alternating current	змінний струм	manufacturing cost	промислова вартість	
compatible	сумісний	photo sensor	фотодатчик	
dimmer	реостат для регулювання сили світла лампи	timer	регулятор витримки часу	
household lighting	побутове овітлення	portable lighting	портативне освітлення	
headlamp	фара автомобіля	flashlight	сигнальний вогонь	
tungsten	вольфран	wattage	потужність у ватах	
reheat temperature	температура нагрівання	low operation life	малий термін експлуатації	
trigger	пусковий механізм	absenteeism	прогул	

Task 3.2.10. Match the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column
B: 

A	B	
Incandescent bulbs require no external regulating equipment, have a very low manufacturing cost, and work well on either alternating current or direct current.	Лампа розжарення зазвичай складається із скляного контейнера, що містить вольфранову нитку розжарювання.	
An incandescent bulb typically consists of a glass enclosure containing a tungsten filament.	На відміну від лампи розжарення, газорозрядна лампа не має нитки розжарювання та не виробляє світло у результаті нагрівання твердих речовин.	
The two most common scenarios for poor office lighting are lights that are too dim and lights that are too harsh.	Подразнююче освітлення також ускладнює концентрацію, і, тому необхідно шукати альтернативне джерело. 	
Unlike incandescent lamps, gas discharge lamps have no filament and do not produce light as a result of something solid getting hot.	У результаті реконструкції природного освітлення зменшується кількість прогулів, хвороб та позитивно впливає на самопочуття персоналу.	
Dim lighting can cause eye strain and headaches, because, when lighting is inadequate, the eyes are forced to work much harder in order to see.	Лампа розжарення не потребує зовнішнього устаткування для управління, має низьку виробничу вартість і працює добре при постійному та змінному потоці струму	
Natural lighting renovations have been shown to result in happier workers, less absenteeis ever possible, and fewer illnesses.	Тьмяне освітлення спричиняє головний біль, напруження очей, оскільки за умов неадекватного освітлення навантаження на зір значно збільшується. 	
Harsh lighting also makes it more difficult for the eye to focus, so alternatives should be sought when
	Дві найбільш розповсюджені причини поганого офісного освітлення – це занадто слабке та занадто яскраве світло.	

Task 3.2.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1.dim; 2. LCD backlights; 3. germicidal lamp; 4. photographic electronic flashes and strobes; 5. miniature indicator lamp; 6. A/V projector; 7. fluorescent lightning; 8. lack of focus; 9. manufacturing cost; 10. alternating current; 11. detrimental; 12. household lighting; 13. direct current; 14. translucent ceramic tube; 15. neon lamp; 16. glass mount; 17. reheat temperature; 18. incandescent lamp; 19. photo sensor; 20. light bulb; 21. low operation life; 22. inert gas; 23. high intensity discharge lamps; 24. portable lighting; 25. envelope; 26. drowsiness; 27. microwave field; 28. wattage; 29. flashlight; 30. laptop computers; 31. neon signs; 32. filament; 33. tanning lamp; 34. compatible; 35. trigger; 36. vacuum; 37. impact; 38. tungsten; 39. emission; 40.leak; 41. harsh; 42. arc lamp; 43. stem; 44. gas discharge lamp; 45. headlamp; 46. evaporate; 47. timer; 48. quartz; 49. dimmer; 50. absenteeism; 51. culprit.  

Task 3.2.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1.температура нагрівання; 2. фара автомобіля; 3. потужність у ватах; 4.  реостат для регулювання сили світла лампи; 5. побутове овітлення; 6. вольфран; 7. регулятор витримки часу; 8. прогул; 9.  сумісний; 10. пусковий механізм; 11. малий термін експлуатації; 12. портативне освітлення; 13. змінний струм; 14. сигнальний вогонь; 15. інертний газ; 16.  НВЧ поле; 17. штенгель; 18. електрична лампочка; 19. фотографічні електронні спалахи та строби; 20. шкідливий; 21. промислова вартість; 22.  флюоресціююче освітлення; 23. фото датчик; 24.  газорозрядна лампа; 25. постійний струм; 26. розрядні лампи високої ефективності; 27. ЖК підсвітка; 28. випаровувати; 29. мініатюрний світловий індикатор; 30. вакуум; 31. лампа розжарення; 32. обвинувачуваний; 33. відсутність кнцентрації; 34. кварц; 35. напівпрозора керамічна труба; 36. нитка розжарення; 37. шкляна оправа; 38. лампа для засмаги; 39. бактерицидна лампа; 40. портативний комп’ютер; 41. просочуватися; 42. слабкий, тьмяний; 43. аудіо-відео прожектор; 44. неонові вивіски; 45. сонливість; 46. емісія; 47. дратівний; 48. дугова лампа; 49.  неонова лампа; 50. колба; 51. вплив. 

Task 3.2.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 3.2.2, 3.2.9 in case of difficulties:

How Office Lighting Affects Productivity

There are certain factors that everyone knows affect workplace productivity, but there is one important factor often overlooked by most employers across the globe: lighting. It’s common knowledge that reading in the dark can harm your eyes, but lighting has effects well beyond that, and an employer’s choice of lighting can have a significant impact on the productivity of the company.
A study conducted by the American Society of Interior Design indicated that 68 percent of employees complain about the lighting situation in their offices. The fact that such a substantial number of employees disliked the lighting in their offices enough to complain about it implies that many employers could be making the same mistakes. The two most common scenarios for poor office lighting are lights that are too dim and lights that are too harsh.
Artificial Illumination Sources
The widely-used artificial illumination sources are gas-discharge and incandescent lamps. 
The incandescent light bulb or lamp is a source of electric light that works by incandescence, which is the emission of light caused by heating the filament. They are made in an extremely wide range of sizes, wattages, and voltages.
An incandescent bulb typically consists of a glass enclosure containing a tungsten filament. An electric current passes through the filament, heating it to a temperature that produces light.
Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount attached to the bulb's base which allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without gas/air leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem support the filament and/or its lead wires.
The enclosing glass enclosure contains either a vacuum or an inert gas to preserve and protect the filament from evaporating.
Incandescent bulbs require no external regulating equipment, have a very low manufacturing cost, and work well on either alternating current or direct current. They are also compatible with control devices such as dimmers, timers, and photo sensors, and can be used both indoors and outdoors. As a result, the incandescent lamp is widely used both in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.
The drawbacks of indcandescent lamps are the following: low light efficiency, high brightness, relatively low operation life, yellow-red rays domination comparatively with natural light, high reheat temperature. 
http://www.bulbs.com/learning/incandescent.aspx
Gas discharge lamps are used in virtually all areas of modern lighting technology including common fluorescent lighting for home and office - and LCD backlights for laptop computers, high intensity discharge lamps for very efficient area lighting, neon and other miniature indicator lamps, germicidal and tanning lamps, neon signs, photographic electronic flashes and strobes, arc lamps for industry and A/V projectors, and many more. 
Unlike incandescent lamps, gas discharge lamps have no filament and do not produce light as a result of something solid getting hot (though heat may be a byproduct). Rather, the atoms or molecules of the gas inside a glass, quartz, or translucent ceramic tube, are ionized by an electric current through the gas or a radio frequency or microwave field in proximity to the tube. This results in the generation of light - usually either visible or ultraviolet. The color depends on both the mixture of gasses or other materials inside the tube as well as the pressure and type and amount of the electric current or RF power. 
Drawbacks of gas discharge lamps are: complicated switching system, relatively expensive, light flux pulsation that can cause stroboscopic effect and the optical effect of moving objects, a significsnt period between switching on and striking.
https://www.repairfaq.org/sam/dlamp.htm
The Drawbacks of Artificial Lighting
The first culprit, dim lights, can be detrimental to productivity for several reasons. First, dim lighting can cause eye strain and headaches, because, when lighting is inadequate, the eyes are forced to work much harder in order to see. Dim lighting can also result in drowsiness and lack of focus, which would obviously have a negative impact on employee motivation. The second culprit, harsh lighting, is much more common than dim lighting and is just as harmful. Florescent lighting, especially, has a number of negative effects on employees, as it has been known to cause eye strain, and it is also cited as a trigger for migraine headaches. This harsh lighting also makes it more difficult for the eye to focus, so alternatives should be sought whenever possible.
Natural Lighting as a Superior Alternative
The best alternative to harsh lighting and dim lighting systems is natural light itself. In a study conducted in Britain and published in “The Responsible Workplace,” it was shown that windows were the number one determinant of the occupants’ level of satisfaction with a building. This effect is due to lighting’s ability to affect the human body in two ways: directly, in the form of affecting what and how well we are able to see, and indirectly, in the form of effects on our mood, behavior, and even hormonal balance. Natural lighting renovations have been shown to result in happier workers, less absenteeism, and fewer illnesses, and, because better lighting encourages satisfaction among workers, it also results in increased productivity.
http://www.andrewjensen.net/how-office-lighting-affects-productivity/

Unit 3
Vibration Hazards Prevention in the Workplace

Task 3.3.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:

1.	motion (рух) – the action or process of moving or being moved. The vibrations of a spring are of a particularly simple kind known as simple harmonic motion.
2.	restore (відновлювати) – toreturn (someone or something) to a former condition, place, or position. Like everything else in life, the practical way to restore a car has to have an approach to it.
3.	respond (реагувати) –to do something as a reaction to someone or something. Vibration – is periodic back-and-forth motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium, commonly resulting when almost any physical system is displaced from its equilibrium condition and allowed to respond to the forces that tend to restore equilibrium.
4.	restraint (обмеження) – the action of keeping someone or something under control. Free vibrations occur when the system is disturbed momentarily and then allowed to move without restraint.
5.	spring (ресора) – an elastic device, typically a helical metal coil, that can be pressed or pulled but returns to its former shape when released, used chiefly to exert constant tension or absorb movement. A classic example is provided by a weight suspended from a spring.
6.	disturbance (порушення режиму) – a breakdown of peaceful and law-abiding behavior. Most systems that suffer small disturbances counter them by exerting some form of restoring force.
7.	compression (стиснення) – the reduction in volume (causing an increase in pressure) of the fuel mixture in an internal-combustion engine before ignition. The restoring force is the tension or compression in the spring, which (according to Hooke’s law) is proportional to the displacement of the spring.
8.	displacement (витиснення) – the component of an electric field due to free separated charges, regardless of any polarizing effects. The efficiency of inducing charge displacement was membrane potential dependent.
9.	oscillation (осциляція, коливання) – regular variation in magnitude or position about a central point, especially of an electric current or voltage. In simple harmonic motion, the periodic oscillations are of the mathematical form called sinusoidal.
10.	amplitude (амплітуда; розмах) – the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium. The growth in amplitude is limited by the presence of damping, but the response can, in practice, be very great.
11.	pendulum (маятник) – a weight hung from a fixed point so that it can swing freely, especially a rod with a weight at the end that regulates the mechanism of a clock. damping (загасання) – a reduction in the amplitude of an oscillation as a result of energy being drained from the system to overcome frictional or other resistive forces. A universal feature of free vibration is damping.
12.	resonance (резонанс) – the reinforcement or prolongation of sound by reflection from a surface or by the synchronous vibration of a neighbouring object. Resonance occurs when the driving frequency approaches the natural frequency of free vibrations.
13.	inductance (індуктивність) – the property of an electric conductor or circuit that causes an electromotive force to be generated by a change in the current flowing. A circuit containing both inductance and capacitance can support the electrical equivalent of SHM involving sinusoidal current flow.
14.	capacitance (ємність; ємнісний опір) – the ability of a system to store an electric charge. In electrical circuits, the term capacitance is usually a shorthand for the mutual capacitance between two adjacent conductors, such as the two plates of a capacitor. 
15.	membrane (діафрагма) – a thin pliable sheet of material forming a barrier or lining. In musical instruments, the motion of strings, membranes, and air columns consists of a superposition of SHM’s; in engineering structures, vibrations are a common, though usually undesirable, feature.
16.	sinusoidal (синусоїдальний) – Of special interest are systems undergoing SHM and driven by sinusoidal forcing.
17.	diminish (скорочуватися; слабшати) – make or become less. All systems are subject to frictional forces, and these steadily sap the energy of the vibrations, causing the amplitude to diminish, usually exponentially.

Task 3.3.2. Study the word combinations below:

back-and-forth motion	зворотньо-поступальний рух	equilibrium condition	умови рівноваги	
elastic body	пружне тіло	disturbed momentarily	порушений миттєво	
weight suspend	усунення важелю	vibrate vertically	коливатись (вібрувати) вертикально	
restoring force	відновлення потужності	simple harmonic motion	незгасаюче гармонійне коливання	
degree of disturbance	рівень порушення режиму	to restore equilibrium	відновити рівновагу	
periodic oscillation	періодичне коливання	generic feature	родова ознака	
universal feature	загальні риси	regulating clock	регулятивний годинник	
steadily sap the energy	поступово поглинає енергію	frictional force	сила тертя	
exponential	показникова функція	alternating current 	змінний струм	
swinging pendulum	маятник, який коливається	minimum-energy position	оптимальний з точки зору енерговитрат	
external agency	зовнішній фактор	driving frequency	частота задавального генератора	
resonating circuit	резонуючий тракт	filter out one frequency	відсіювати одну частоту	
sinusoidal current flow	потік синусоїдального струму	rapid take-up of energy	стрімке поглинання енергії	

Task 3.3.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations into sentences:

1.	The vibrations, a particularly,  of a spring are, as simple harmonic motion, of simple kind known.
2.	If the weight, will respond, is pulled down, the system by, and released, vibrating vertically.
3.	Forced vibrations,  a system, driven by, is continuously, an external agency, occur if.
4.	The growth, be very great, by the presence of, in practice, is limited damping, but the response can, in amplitude.
5.	A swinging pendulum, left undriven, will eventually return, to rest, at, the equilibrium (minimum-energy) position.
6.	Hygienical estimation, integral estimation of the parameters, in a working environment, following methods, of vibration, which affects, is carried out, frequency, a person, with the help of the: dose of the vibration.
7.	Most systems, by exerting, restoring force, small disturbances, that suffer, counter them, some form of.
8.	Resonance occurs, in frequency to, free oscillations of the circuit, if the circuit,alternating current, that is matched, that of the, is driven by.
9.	In many cases, can be understood, at many different frequencies, complicated periodic motions, as the superposition of SHM.
10.	Vibration affects, locomotor apparatus, muscles, negatively the nervous system, the alimentary canal, eyesight and hearing.

Task 3.3.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. spring, damping, displacement, amplitude, capacitance, inductance, compression, disturbance, oscillation, pendulum, resonance, membrane.

B. a weight hung from a fixed point so that it can swing freely, especially a rod with a weight at the end that regulates the mechanism of a clock; a breakdown of peaceful and law-abiding behavior;the ability of a system to store an electric charge;
a thin pliable sheet of material forming a barrier or lining;reinforcement or prolongation of sound by reflection from a surface or by the synchronous vibration of a neighboring object;an elastic device, typically a helical metal coil, that can be pressed or pulled but returns to its former shape when released, used chiefly to exert constant tension or absorb movement;regular variation in magnitude or position about a central point, especially of an electric current or voltage;the reduction in volume (causing an increase in pressure) of the fuel mixture in an internal-combustion engine before ignition;the component of an electric field due to free separated charges, regardless of any polarizing effects;a reduction in the amplitude of an oscillation as a result of energy being drained from the system to overcome frictional or other resistive forces;
the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium; the property of an electric conductor or circuit that causes an electromotive force to be generated by a change in the current flowing.

Task 3.3.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. restore; 2. equilibrium condition; 3. restraint; 4. simple harmonic motion; 5. to restore equilibrium; 6. steadily sap the energy; 7. disturbed momentarily; 8. alternating current; 9. rapid take-up energy; 10. spring; 11. disturbance; 12. vibrate vertically; 13. degree of disturbance; 14. minimum-energy position; 15. back-and-forthmotion; 16. universal feature; 17. weight suspend; 18. frictional force; 19. filter out one frequency; 20. elastic body; 21. swinging pendulum; 22. restoring force; 23. generic feature; 24. resonating circuit; 25. sinusoidal current flow; 26. periodic oscillation; 27. driving frequency; 28. exponential; 29. compression; 30. displacement; 31. oscillation; 32. amplitude; 33. pendulum; 33. damping; 34. regulating clock; 35. resonance; 36. inductance; 37. capacitance; 38. external agency; 39. membrane; 40. sinusoidal; 41. diminish; 42. motion.

Task 3.3.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. рух; 2. потік синусоїдального струму; 3. відсіювати одну частоту; 4. реагувати; 5. резонуючий тракт; 6. стрімке поглинання енергії; 7. відновлювати; 8. обмеження; 9. маятник, який коливається; 10. частота задавального генератора; 11. зовнішній фактор; 12. ресора; 13. порушення режиму; 14. стиснення, витиснення; 15. осциляція; 16. коливання; 17. сила тертя; 18. оптимальний з точки зору енерговитрат; 19. регулятивний годинник; 20. незгасаюче гармонійне коливання; 21.  маятник; 22.  відновити рівновагу; 23. загасання; 24. резонанс; 25. умови рівноваги; 26. ємність; ємнісний опір; 27. поступово поглинає енергію; 28. змінний струм; 29. показникова функція; 30. діафрагма; 31. періодичне коливання; 32. синусоїдальний; 33. скорочуватися; слабшати; 34. загальні риси; 35. відновлення потужності; 36. коливатись (вібрувати) вертикально; 37. зворотньо-поступальний рух; 38. порушений миттєво; 39. рівень порушення режиму; 40. родова ознака; 41.  усунення важелю; 42.  пружне тіло.

Task 3.3.7. Read and translate the text below:

Vibration – isperiodic back-and-forth motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium, commonly resulting when almost any physical system is displaced from its equilibrium condition and allowed to respond to the forces that tend to restore equilibrium.
Vibrations fall into two categories: free and forced. Free vibrations occur when the system is disturbed momentarily and then allowed to move without restraint. A classic example is provided by a weight suspended from a spring. In equilibrium, the system has minimum energy and the weight is at rest. If the weight is pulled down and released, the system will respond by vibrating vertically.
The vibrations of a spring are of a particularly simple kind known as simple harmonic motion (SHM). This occurs whenever the disturbance to the system is countered by a restoring force that is exactly proportional to the degree of disturbance. In this case, the restoring force is the tension or compression in the spring, which (according to Hooke’s law) is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In simple harmonic motion, the periodic oscillations are of the mathematical form called sinusoidal.
Most systems that suffer small disturbances counter them by exerting some form of restoring force. It is frequently a good approximation to suppose that the force is proportional to the disturbance, so that SHM is, in the limiting case of small disturbances, a generic feature of vibrating systems. One characteristic of SHM is that the period of the vibration is independent of its amplitude. Such systems therefore are used in regulating clocks. The oscillation of a pendulum, for instance, approximates SHM if the amplitude is small.
A universal feature of free vibration is damping. All systems are subject to frictional forces, and these steadily sap the energy of the vibrations, causing the amplitude to diminish, usually exponentially. The motion is therefore never precisely sinusoidal. Thus, a swinging pendulum, left undriven, will eventually return to rest at the equilibrium (minimum-energy) position.
Forced vibrations occur if a system is continuously driven by an external agency. A simple example is a child’s swing that is pushed on each downswing. Of special interest are systems undergoing SHM and driven by sinusoidal forcing. This leads to the important phenomenon of resonance. Resonance occurs when the driving frequency approaches the natural frequency of free vibrations. The result is a rapid take-up of energy by the vibrating system, with an attendant growth of the vibration amplitude. Ultimately, the growth in amplitude is limited by the presence of damping, but the response can, in practice, be very great. It is said that soldiers marching across a bridge can set up resonant vibrations sufficient to destroy the structure. Similar folklore exists about opera singers shattering wine glasses.
Electric vibrations play an important role in electronics. A circuit containing both inductance and capacitance can support the electrical equivalent of SHM involving sinusoidal current flow. Resonance occurs if the circuit is driven by alternating current that is matched in frequency to that of the free oscillations of the circuit. This is the principle behind tuning. For example, a radio receiver contains a circuit, the natural frequency of which can be varied. When the frequency matches that of the radio transmitter, resonance occurs and a large alternating current of that frequency develops in the circuit. In this way, resonating circuits can be used to filter out one frequency from a mixture.
In musical instruments, the motion of strings, membranes, and air columns consists of a superposition of SHM’s; in engineering structures, vibrations are a common, though usually undesirable, feature. In many cases, complicated periodic motions can be understood as the superposition of SHM at many different frequencies.

Task 3.3.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Під вібрацією розуміють механічні коливання твердого тіла. Найпростішим видом таких коливань є гармонійні коливання, за яких відбувається почергове наростання та спадання в часі (за синусоїдальним законом) значень рухомої точки чи механічної системи.
2.	Якщо спостерігається нетривала дія вібрації, то працівник передчасно втомлюється, при цьому продуктивність його праці знижується.
3.	Під час дії вібрації на організм людини спостерігаються зміни в діяльності серцевої та нервової систем, спазм судин, зміни у суглобах, що призводить до обмеження їх рухомості.
4.	Вібрації виникають зазвичай при роботі машин та механізмів, які мають неврівноважені й незбалансовані частини, що обертаються чи здійснюють зворотно-поступальний рух.
5.	Особливо небезпечна вібрація робочих місць з частотою, якає резонансною з частотою коливання окремих органів чи частин тіла людини, що може призвести до їх механічного ушкодження.
6.	Ученими встановлено, що шкідлива дія шуму на організм людини й навколишнє природне середовище відчутніша при зростанні частоти звуку.
7.	Працівники шумних технологічних процесів переважно страждають на ішемічні хвороби серця, розлади центральної нервової системи, гіпертонію, втрату слуху, виникнення злоякісних пухлин, погіршення пам’яті тощо. 
8.	У виробничих умовах синусоїдальні вібрації зустрічаються рідко. При роботі машин і обладнання складні коливальні рухи є аперіодичними або квазіперіодичними і часто носять імпульсивний характер.
9.	Максимальне відхилення від положення стійкої рівноваги, називається амплітудою, яка вимірюється в лінійних одиницях (м або см).
10.	Час упродовж якого матеріальне тіл здійснює одне коливання, називають періодом коливання.

Task 3.3.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

cool vital parts	холодні відповідальні деталі	singular row	одна стрічка	
pliable	гнучкий	absorb	поглинати	
dissipate	розподіляти	floor mat	килимок для підлоги	
mounting hardware	елементи крілення	adjoining machines	суміжні машини	
safety of the finished item	безпека готових виробів	additional movement	додаткове переміщення	
absorb the sound	поглинати звук	overall quality	загальна якість продукту	
improper movement	неправильний рух	resonant frequency	частота резонансу	
moving parts	рухомі частини	calibrate	вивіряти	
safety issue	загроза безпеці	pad	демпфуюча прокладка	
excessive vibration	надмірна вібрація	speed up	прискорювати	
reduce wear and tear	зменшити зношування та спрацьовування	collect on one’s surfaces	накопичуватись на будь-якій поверхні 	
sensitive machinery	чутливий механізм	fastening	кріплення	
isolation	ізоляція	move out	переміщатись	
industrial setting	промислове середовище 	designated pathway	задана траекторія	

Task 3.3.10. Match the sentences in column A with their equivalents in columnB: 

A	B	
Protection of the working parts and vibration isolation are key to keeping quality high and the number of recalls for safety issues low.	Віброізоляційний підлоговий килимок призначений для поглинання вібрації не тільки від самої машини, але й від сусідніх машин. 	
The problem with finding the right vibration isolation system is the amount of heat that is being generated by these machines.	Коли частина машини вступає в контакт з іншою частиною з такою частотою, генерований рух може бути досить істотним.	
It is important to stop vibrations that may interfere with the quality of the product that is being manufactured	У деяких машинах системи віброізоляції можуть включати монтаж обладнання, яке поглинає частину вібрації, перш ніж вона пройде через решту частин машини.
	
To protect the humans and their hearing, vibration isolation systems are employed, absorbing some of the sounds that are created from the machines.	Проблема з пошуком правильної системи віброізоляції пов’язана з кількістю тепла, що генерується цими машинами.
	
In some machines, vibration isolation systems can include mounting hardware that absorbs some of the vibration before it goes through the rest of the machine.	Для захисту людей та їхнього слуху застосовуються віброізоляційні системи, які поглинають деякі звуки, створені машинами.
	
The vibration isolation floor mat is designed to absorb the vibration not only from the machine itself but from adjoining machines.	Захист робочих частині віброізоляція є запорукою збереження високої якості і низького рівня відкликань з питань безпеки. 	
When a part of the machine comes into contact with another part with that frequency, the movement that is generated can be quite substantial.	Важливо зупинити вібрації, які можуть впливати на якість продукту, що виробляється.	

Task 3.3.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. speed up; 2. singular row; 3. absorb the sound; 4. safety of the finished item; 5. collect on one’s surfaces; 6.  sensitive machinery; 7. designated pathway; 8. improper movement; 9. additional movement; 10. mounting hardware; 11. moving parts; 12. fastening; 13. resonant frequency; 14. industrial setting; 15. adjoining machines; 16. cool vital parts; 17. overall quality; 18. move out; 19.  absorb the sound; 20. dissipate; 21. calibrate; 22. reduce wear and tear; 23. floor mat; 24. pad; 25. safety issue; 26. absorb; 27. excessive vibration; 28. pliable; 29.isolation; 30. melt.

Task 3.3.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. гнучкий; 2. вивіряти; 3. безпека готових виробів; 4. холодні відповідальні деталі; 5. неправильний рух; 6. елементи кріплення; 7. загроза безпеки; 8. зменшити зношування та спрацьовування; 9. поглинати звук; 10. розподіляти; 11. рухомі частини; 12. надмірна вібрація; 13. чутливий механізм; 14. у промисловому застосуванні; 15. ізоляція; 16. додаткове переміщення; 17. килимок для підлоги; 18. суміжні машини; 19. загальна якість продукту; 20. частота резонансу; 21. демпфуюча прокладка; 22. накопичуватись на будь-якій поверхні; 23. задана траекторія; 24. переміщатись; 25. прискорювати; 26. поглинати; 27. одна стрічка; 28. вивіряти; 29. кріплення; 30. плавити.    

Task 3.3.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 3.3.2, 3.3.9 in case of difficulties:

Vibration Isolation in Industrial and Manufacturing Equipment

In a factory or other industrial setting, vibration isolation becomes important for a number of reasons. It is important to reduce, isolate or control vibration to:
•	Protect sensitive machinery and parts to reduce wear and tear
•	Reduce sound generated by the machinery, protecting the humans who must work around them
•	Prevent movement by heavy machinery caused by excessive vibration, which can become a safety issue
•	Stop vibrations that may interfere with the quality of the product that is being manufactured
Sensitive Machinery Parts and Vibration Isolation.
A machine is typically made of at least two moving parts but in many cases can be made up of as many as hundreds of parts of varying sizes. Each of those parts has a role to play inside of the machine, moving in a certain way that makes the whole machine work. As the machine works, the parts might become old, dust can collect on their surfaces and fastenings can become looser.
All of these factors can cause the parts to move out of their designated pathways and can cause them to break down. In addition, the slightest bit of improper movement will speed up the wear and tear on the machine. In addition, each part has what is called a resonant frequency, which simply put is the speed (frequency) in which the part resonates (vibrates). When a part of the machine comes into contact with another part with that frequency, the movement that is generated can be quite substantial. This can greatly speed the wear and tear followed by eventual and total breakdown of the machine in question.
Vibration Isolation and Sound Reduction for the Protection of Humans.
The larger a machine is, the louder it is likely to be. If you are a human stuck working in the area of those machines, it can quickly become very uncomfortable and can lead to serious problems with hearing up to and including deafness. To protect the humans and their hearing, vibration isolation systems are employed, absorbing some of the sounds that are created from the machines. These are typically pads that are placed under the machines but could be other types of systems as well.
Vibration Isolation to Keep Machines in Place.
The simplest example to keep in mind is the basic washing machine. As it works, it has moving parts, the movement of the water and the movement of the clothing inside of it. When it works correctly, it is typically barely noticeable, but if just one thing is thrown off balance inside of that machine, the problems can become very serious. The more off balance, the more movement is created, which typically makes the machine “walk” across the room.
Heavy machines in an industrial setting can also have this problem but may be much more dangerous. Some of these machines can weight in excess of several tons. If they are moving out of their place, they can cause problems for the people working around them.
Vibration Isolation and Product Quality Standards.
Unwanted vibration can change the quality of the product that is being made. Most machines are calibrated to the smallest degree- any additional movement can change the way that the product comes out. The problems can range from the very smallest variation to major defects that affect not only the overall quality but the safety of the finished item. Protection of the working parts and vibration isolation are key to keeping quality high and the number of recalls for safety issues low.
Sorbothane, Vibration Isolation and Industrial Applications.
In some machines, vibration isolation systems can include mounting hardware that absorbs some of the vibration before it goes through the rest of the machine. According to the laws of physics, energy (in this case, vibration) cannot be created or destroyed within a system. That energy can either be dissipated or used. Energy that is not being used will be turned into heat – the amount of the heat will be proportionate to the size of the machine as well as the speed of the movements it creates. Once the heat is generated it will typically be transferred to all the other parts of the machine, which can damage some of the more sensitive parts.
Another option, once that is often used under a machine, is the vibration isolation floor mat designed to absorb the vibration not only from the machine itself but from adjoining machines. In a large factory, several machines might be installed in a singular row, close enough to each other that their vibrations can affect others. The more machines that are placed in the same area, the louder the area will become as well.
The problem with finding the right vibration isolation system is the amount of heat that is being generated by these machines. While some machines might be designed to run “cooler” they will still have some heat that builds up. Some designs use a fan to cool vital parts, but that is simply yet another working part, which means additional vibration is being generated.
Some materials will claim to be rated for high heat situations, but the problem is the heat/cooling cycle. When exposed to high heat, the material gets soft and may even melt and become pliable. Then when the heat is removed, such as when the machine is shut down for the night, the material gets solid once again. During this heating/cooling cycle certain materials can become fragile or brittle and may break apart. That could cause even more problems than simply excessive vibration.
Sorbothane has a higher breaking point and can be exposed to higher temperatures without becoming brittle and increasing the risk of mechanical failure. It can be purchased for industrial applications either as a standard product or as a custom made, customer specific product.

Unit 4.
Industrial Noise Pollution and Its Effect on the Workers’ Capabilities

Task 3.4.1. Memorise the essential vocabulary and translate the sentences containing it:

1.	noise (шум) – a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance. Although the general principles applied in noise control engineering are fairly well established, it is not always possible to predict the results of noise reduction techniques.
2.	annoy (дратувати; турбувати) – to make (someone) a little angry; to irritate. It annoys,awakens, angers, distracts, frustrates and creates stresses that result inphysiological and psychological problems.
3.	awaken (пробуджувати) – to make someone aware of (something) for the first time. A loud noise awakened her.
4.	anger (викликати подразнення) – to fill (someone) with anger; to provoke anger in.
5.	distract (розсіювати (увагу)) – to prevent (someone) from concentrating on something. It was another attempt to distract attention from the point.
6.	frustrate (порушувати) – to prevent (someone) from doing or achieving something. The delays would cause chaos and snarl traffic at checkpoints, frustrate orderly schedules, and make tempers short.
7.	invisible (невидимий, незримий) – unable to be seen. It is invisible, yet its effectsare clearly evident, and it pervades every facet of life.
8.	evident (очевидний) – clearly seen or understood; obvious. The problems have been evident for quite some time.
9.	pervade (проникати) – to spread through and be perceived in every part of. Art and music pervade every aspect of their lives.
10.	facet (аспект) – one side of something many-sided, especially of a cut gem. Each facet of the problem requires careful attention.
11.	intensity (інтенсивність) – the measurable amount of a property, such as force, brightness, or a magnetic field. It is well established that hearing damage can result from exposure to noise of sufficient intensity and duration.
12.	duration (тривалість) – the time during which something continues. The exception, of course, is those splashes of green, red, blue and purple light (by Christopher Kuhl) illuminating the floor for the duration of each solo.
13.	exposure (піддавання зовнішньому впливу) – the state of having no protection from something harmful. In general, it is believed that brief exposure to noise, causing significant temporary hearing loss or threshold shift, may lead to permanent hearing loss if the noise exposure is prolonged or recurring.
14.	endocrine (залоза внутрішньої секреції) – relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood. Noise can alter the normal functions of the endocrine, cardiovascular and neurological systems. It may affect equilibrium and cause a rise in blood pressure, achange in heart rhythm and constriction of blood vessels.
15.	magnify (збільшувати) – to increase or exaggerate the importance or effect of. Noise can magnify the minor aggravations of the work environment. Human performance is affected by noise, especially those tasks requiring information gathering or analyzing processes.
16.	aggravation (погіршення) – the state of becoming worse or more serious; exacerbation. The man is in a constant state of aggravation, and that's why many of his actions seem to make no sense.
17.	ossicle (кісточка) – a very small bone, especially one of those in the middle ear. As vibrations hit the ear, they set into motion the ear drum and ossicles.
18.	cochlea (завитка, передня частина вушного лабіринту) – the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations. The ossicles produce vibrations in the fluid of the inner ear’s sensory organ, the cochlea.
19.	transmitter (передавач) – a person or thing that transmits something. The human ear is functionally a transmitter of all sound vibrations received from the environment. The ear may respond from a low of 16 Hz at birth to a high of 30,000 Hz; however, a range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is considered a broad frequency response.
20.	threshold (гранична величина) – the maximum level of radiation or a concentration of a substance considered to be acceptable or safe. The human ear can, without pain, discern sound over a dynamic range of ten million to one. The human eye responds to light of intensity range of 105 from threshold to limit.

Task 3.4.2. Study the words and word combinations below:

lawn mower	газонокосарка	shop tool	цеховий інструмент	
nonregenerative	нерегенеруючий	chain saw	бензопила	
nerve impulse	нервовий імпульс	transduced	перетворений	
inner ear	внутрішнє вухо	hair cell	волосяна сенсорна клітина (внутрішнього вуха)	
receptor	орган чуттів	ear drum	барабанна перетинка	
subway	тунель	tire	шина, насадка	
additional high exposure	додатковий зовнішній вплив	high/low frequency	висока/низька частотність	
long-term health	довготривале здоров’я	unprotected user	незахищений користувач	
constriction of blood vessels	звуження кров’яних судин	regenerative process	процес відновлення	
carry information	передавати інформацію	discriminate the consonants	розрізняти приголосні	
recurring	рецидивування	pattern of sleep	характер сну	
prolonged	продовжений	annoyance level	рівень подразнення	
permanent hearing loss	остаточна втрата слуху	understanding of speech	розуміння мовлення	
nonauditory	неслуховий	heart rhythm	ритм серця	
noise-induced	шумоіндукований (обумовлений шумом)	dulling of response	загальмованість реакції	

Task 3.4.3. Rearrange the following jumbled words and word combinations into sentences:

1.	Noise, the minor, can, of the work environment, magnify, aggravations.
2.	Noise, the normal functions, can, of the endocrine, alter, cardiovascular, and neurologicalsystems.
3.	Noise, disturbing, simply, distracting, may be, orbe so, that it is, to think, impossible.
4.	Any, will affect, withsleep, interference, emotional, directly, and physical health.
5.	Sound, of a source, a medium, is the result, setting, into vibration.
6.	The ossicles, the cochlea, in the fluid, produce, of the inner, vibrations, organ,ear’s, sensory.
7.	Yet the human ear, without pain, sound, can, a dynamic range, discern, over of ten million to one.
8.	Hearing, isnecessary, consonants, that carry information, at the higher frequencies, the, of speech, to discriminate.
9.	Technological, subways,advances, engines, haveprovided, and tires. 
10.	Household, sources, noise, sources, can be, industrial, asloud as.

Task 3.4.4. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. noise, invisible, annoy, anger, exposure, pervade, frustrate, distract, evident, intensity, duration, endocrine.

B. to prevent (someone) from concentrating on something; to make (someone) a little angry; to irritate; to spread through and be perceived in every part of; to fill (someone) with anger; to provoke anger in; clearly seen or understood; obvious;
a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance; to prevent (someone) from doing or achieving something; unable to be seen;
the time during which something continues; the measurable amount of a property, such as force, brightness, or a magnetic field; relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood; the state of having no protection from something harmful.

Task 3.4.5. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. noise; 2. annoy; 3. awaken; 4. anger; 5. distract; 6. frustrate; 7. invisible; 8. evident; 9. pervade; 10. facet; 11. intencity; 12. duration; 13. exposure; 14. endocrine; 15. magnify; 16. aggravation; 17. ossicles; 18. cochlea; 19. transmitter; 20. threshold; 21. nonregenerative; 22. nerve impulse; 23. lawn mower; 24. additional high exposure; 25. constriction of blood vessels; 26. recurring; 27. Permanent hearing loss; 28. inner ear; 29. long-term health; 30. noise-induced; 31. chain saw; 32. receptor; 33. subway; 34. carry information; 35. shop tool; 36. transduced; 37.  nonauditory; 38.prolonged; 39. hair cell; 40. high/low frequency; 41.  ear drum; 42. unprotected user; 43. discriminate the consonants; 44. regenerative process; 45. tire; 46. pattern of sleep; 47. Annoyance level; 48.  understanding of speech; 49.  dulling of response; 50. heart rhythm.

Task 3.4.6. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. шум; 2. пробуджувати; 3. дратувати; турбувати; 4. викликати подразнення; 5. розсіювати (увагу); 6. порушувати; 7. невидимий, незримий; 8. очевидний; 9. проникати; 10. аспект; 11. інтенсивність; 12. тривалість; 13. піддавання зовнішньому впливу; 14. залоза внутрішньої секреції; 15. збільшувати; 16. погіршення; 17. кісточка; 18. завитка, передня частина вушного лабіринту; 19. передавач; 20. гранична величина; 21. нерегенеруючий; 22. нервовий імпульс; 23. газонокосарка; 24. внутрішнє вухо; 25. орган чуттів; 26. додатковий зовнішній вплив; 27. довготривале здоров’я; 28. передавати інформацію; 29. звуження кров’яних судин; 30. остаточна втрата слуху; 31. шумоіндукований (обумовлений шумом); 32. волосяна сенсорна клітина (внутрішнього вуха); 33. барабанна перетинка; 34. цеховий інструмент; 35. висока/низька частотність; 36.  незахищений користувач; 37.  процес відновлення; 38. розрізняти приголосні; 39. рівень подразнення; 40. розуміння мовлення; 41. загальмованість реакції; 42. ритм серця; 43. характер сну; 44. шина, насадка; 45. перетворений; 46. бензопила; 47. неслуховий; 48. рецидивування; 49.  продовжений; 50. тунель.           

Task 3.4.7. Read and translate the text below:

Discordant sound resulting from nonperiodic vibrations in air or, morecommonly, unwanted sound, are two definitions of noise. However,noise rarely manifests itself in such definitive terms. Instead, it drawsemotional responses on conscious and subconscious levels. It annoys,awakens, angers, distracts, frustrates and creates stresses that result inphysiological and psychological problems. It is invisible, yet its effectsare clearly evident, and it pervades every facet of life.
The effects of noise may be categorized as follows:
•	Noise-induced hearing loss
•	Nonauditory health effects
•	Individual behavior effects
•	Noise effects on sleep
•	Communication interference
•	Effects on domestic animals and wildlife
It is well established that hearing damage can result from exposure to noiseof sufficient intensity and duration. Hearing loss may be temporary orpermanent. In general, it is believed that brief exposure to noise, causingsignificant temporary hearing loss or threshold shift, may lead to permanenthearing loss if the noise exposure is prolonged or recurring. However, theexact relationship between temporary and permanent hearing loss has notyet been clearly defined. Hearing loss in the high frequency ranges seriouslyaffects understanding of speech. Hearing at the higher frequencies isnecessary to discriminate the consonants of speech that carry information.
While evidence to support nonauditory health effects may not be ascomplete as the case for hearing loss, there is cause for concern. Noise canalter the normal functions of the endocrine, cardiovascular and neurologicalsystems. It may affect equilibrium and cause a rise in blood pressure, achange in heart rhythm and constriction of blood vessels. Noise may produceeffects similar to, or compound effects of, other more common stresses;studies performed on animals prove such phenomena. It is not clearwhether changes in physiology due to recurring noise stress are permanent.
Behavioral effects may range from a dulling of response to specificauditory signals in noisy environments, which produces frustration, to asensitizing to annoyances that commonly would be ignored. Noise canmagnify the minor aggravations of the work environment. Human performanceis affected by noise, especially those tasks requiring informationgathering or analyzing processes. Noise simply may be distracting orbe so disturbing that it is impossible to think. Further study is required todetermine whether behavioral effects are permanent, or to predict annoyancelevels.
If sleep is the body’s regenerative process, then any interference withsleep will affect emotional and physical health directly. Awakening, orchanging the level or pattern of sleep, may affect long-term health and,consequently, human performance.
Noise extends well beyond the workplace. Technological advances haveprovided subways, engines, and tires. Household noise sources can be asloud as industrial sources. Consider lawn mowers, chain saws, shop tools,stereos, televisions and air conditioners. These sources often are left uncontrolled and are usually used byan unprotected and unregulated user. Thus, these noise sources may be assignificant in producing hearing loss as is exposure in the workplace.Moreover, when taken as additional high exposure, the ear may not be receiving sufficient “rest” between exposures.
Sound is the result of a source setting a medium into vibration. Usually, the medium is air where the receptor is the ear. Based on the sound characteristics, the sensory conclusion drawn by the brain may be noise or sound, i.e., unwanted or wanted sound. As vibrations hit the ear they set into motion the ear drum and ossicles. The ossicles produce vibrations in the fluid of the inner ear’s sensory organ,the cochlea. These vibrations are transduced by sensory hair cells into nerve impulses. The brain translates these impulses into sound. The hair cells are nonregenerative; thus, if they are damaged or destroyed, hearing loss will occur.
The ear is less sensitive to low frequencies than to high frequencies. For example, a SO-Hz tone at 70 dB sounds as loud as a lOOO-Hz tone at 40 dB. Equal loudness contours show that as sound levels increase, the ear becomes more uniformly sensitive to all frequencies. The ear is a self-adjusting sound measuring device within limits.
As a sensory organ, the ear is second only to the eye with regard to its importance as a means of contact with man’s surrounding environment. Yet the human ear can, without pain, discern sound over a dynamic range of ten million to one. The human eye responds to light of intensity range of 105 from threshold to limit.
The human ear is functionally a transmitter of all sound vibrations received from the environment. The ear may respond from a low of 16 Hz at birth to a high of 30,000 Hz; however, a range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is considered a broad frequency response. Throughout life frequency perception declines (presbycusis) to a point at which a normal adult may have difficulty hearing sounds pitched higher than 12.000 Hz.

Task 3.4.8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.	Виробничий шум — це хаотична сукупність різних за силою і частотою звуків, що виникають у повітряному середовищі і безпосередньо впливають на працездатність.
2.	Загальна звукоізоляція досягається створенням загорож (стін, стель) із звукопоглинаючих матеріалів (цеглини, бетону, залізобетону). 
3.	Джерелами шуму є: всі види транспорту, насоси, промислові об’єкти, пневматичні та електричні інструменти, верстати, будівельна техніка тощо.
4.	У робітників, які мають справу з гуркотливими машинами та механізмами, виникають стійкі порушення слуху, що нерідко призводить до професійних захворювань (глухуватості і глухоти). Найбільша втрата слуху спостерігається протягом перших десяти років роботи, і з плином часу ця небезпека зростає.
5.	Найефективніший засіб боротьби із шумом — зниження його в джерелі створення. У першу чергу необхідно замінювати устаткування ударної дії на устаткування безударної дії. 
6.	Боротьба із шумом тертя в джерелі його створення здійснюється головним чином за допомогою змащувальних матеріалів (наприклад, машинного масла при різанні та шліфуванні металу). Своєчасне змазування не тільки забезпечує безшумну роботу устаткування, а й зменшує зношення деталей, підвищує їх довговічність.
7.	Важливу роль у боротьбі з шумом відіграють архітектурно-будівельні і планувальні рішення при проектуванні та будівництві промислових споруд. Шумні цехи підприємств повинні бути сконцентровані в одному—двох місцях. Їх необхідно оточувати зеленою зоною для послаблення шуму. 
8.	Працівники, які направляються у цехи з високим шумом, повинні обов’язково проходити медичні огляди, а під час праці для профілактики профзахворювань — профілактичні медичні огляди не рідше одного разу на рік. 

Task 3.4.9. Study the words and word combinations below:

steam leak	просочування пари	striking parts	частини,  що стукаються	
sliding	ковзаючий	mill	дроб’ярка	
 akin	близький	steam	пар	
lubrication	змазка	vent	клапан	
silenser	шумоглушник	baffle	перегородка	
blower	вентилятор обдуву	rotation	частота 	
rescheduling	перепланування
	staggering	поступальна рубка	
gamut	діапазон	relocation	зміна місця розташування	
viable	рентабельний	diversion	відвід, обхідний напрямок	
instituted	встановлений	requisite	необхідна річ	
intermittent	переривчастий	refuge	притулок 	
slipping belt	рухомий конвеєр	lubricated parts	змащені деталі	
worn bearings	зношені підшипники	cam	повідковий патрон	
worn gear	зношені верстати	streamlining	надання тілу обтічної форми	
improperly aligned belt	неправильно втсановлені конвеєри	moving and stationary parts	рухомі та стаціонарні частини	
rotating parts	частини, що обертаються	vibrating sheet metal	вібраційний листовий метал	
improperly adjusted linkages	неправильно відрегульовані змички	reactionary adjustments	реакційні поправки	
maintenance crew	команда технічного обслуговування	marginal return	граничний прибуток
(віддача)	
noise exposure	шумовий вплив	routine adjustments	планове регулювання	
higher yield	з високим виходом продукту	altering equipment	зміна обладнання	
substitution of material	заміна матеріалу	total monetary outlay	сукупні грошові витрати	
amplify noise 	підсилювати звук	blanking-punches	діркопробивні штампи	
reflective sound	звук, що відбивається	backlashing-conveyors	зворотні конвеєри 	
pumphouse	приміщення насосних установок	compressor station	компресорна станція	
absorbent material	поглинаючі матеріали	direction of flow	напрям потоку	
abrupt  obstructions	різке закупорювання	interfering parts	перешкоджаючі частини	
acoustical absorbent	звукопоглинаючий матеріал	contacts-grinders	контактна дробарка	
interior surface	внутрішня поверхня	sonic flow	звуковий потік	
reflective path	оптична траекторія	safety relief valves	запобіжний клапан 	
eliminated or drastically reduced	знищений або радикально зменшений	energy efficient expenditure	енергоефективне споживання	

Task 3.4.10. Match the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column
B:  

A	B	
The operational speed of the equipment may be disproportional to the noise output.	Там де операції контролюються працівниками, відстань зменшить  вплившуму; таким чином, розташування робочої станції має вирішальне значення для шкідливої дії.	
Each noise control problem can be broken down into three component parts: the source emitting the sound energy; the path along which the sound energy travels, and the receiver.	Звук, що відбивається поєднується із звуком, згенерованим джерелом, що призводить до рівня звуку вище джерела.	
Where operations are monitored by employees, distance will reduce noise exposure; thus, the work station location is crucial to exposure.	Варто зазначити, що для зміни або заміни обладнання необхідний новий набір технічних характеристик для зменшення шуму.	
For a series of parallel or simply adjacent equipment  lines, high noise levels may be a result of simultaneous operation.	Операційна швидкість обладнання може бути непропорційною до шуму.	
The reflective sound combines with the source-emitted sound, which results in sound levels higher than the source.	Кожну проблему,пов’язану з контролем за рівнем шуму, можна  розбити на три складові частини: джерело, що випромінює звукову енергію; шлях, по якому рухається звукова енергія, і приймач.	
It is worth mentioning that alteration or replacement of equipment will require a new set of specifications to achieve reduced noise.	Прості процедури включають покриття поверхонь звукопоглинаючими матеріалами та встановлення перегородки.	
Simple treatments include covering the surfaces with sound-absorbent materials and installation of baffles.	Для ряду паралельних або просто суміжних ліній обладнання, високий рівень шуму може бути результатом одночасної роботи.	

Task 3.4.11. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

1. striking parts; 2. lubricated parts; 3. cam; 4. moving and stationary parts; 5. streamlining; 6. vibrating sheet metal; 7. reactionary adjustments; 8. marginal return; 9. routine adjustments; 10. altering equipment; 11. total monetary outlay; 12. blanking-punches; 13. backlashing-conveyors; 14. compressor station; 15. direction of flow; 16. interfering parts; 17. contacts-grinders; 18. sonic flow; 19. safety relief valves; 20. control valve-steamreducing stations; 21.  energy efficient expenditure; 22. diversion; 23. requisite; 24. relocation; 25. intermittent; 26. refuge; 27. staggering; 28. akin; 29. instituted; 30. viable; 31. gamut; 32. rescheduling; 33. rotation; 34. baffle noun; 35. vent; 36. steam; 37. mill; 38. blower; 39. silenser; 40. sturdier; 41. lubrication; 42. sliding; 43. steam leaks; 44. slipping belts; 45. worn bearings; 46. worn gears; 47. improperly aligned belts; 48. rotating parts; 49. improperly adjusted linkages; 50. maintenance crew; 51. noise exposure; 52. higher yields; 53. substitution of material; 54. amplify noise; 55. reflective sound; 56.  pumphouse; 57.  absorbent material; 58. abruptobstructions; 59. acoustical absorbent; 60. interior surface; 61. reflective path; 62. blade passing interference-turbines; 63. eliminated or drastically reduced. 

Task 3.4.12. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. шумоглушник; 2. вентилятор обдуву; 3. зношені верстати; 4. неправильно відрегульовані змички; 5. просочування пари; 6. рухомий конвеєр; 7. команда технічного обслуговування; 8. неправильно встановлені конвеєри; 9. зношені підшипники; 10. частини, що обертаються; 11. з високим виходом продукту; 12. шумовий вплив; 13. приміщення насосних установок; 14. звукопоглинаючий матеріал; 15. заміна матеріалу; 16. підсилювати звук; 17. звук, що відбивається; 18. поглинаючі матеріали; 19. різке закупорювання; 20. внутрішня поверхня; 21. знищений чи радикально зменшений; 22. оптична траекторія; 23. ковзаючий; 24. рентабельний; 25. встановлений; 26. переривчастий; 27. близький; 28. діапазон; 29. змазка; 30. вражаючі частини; 31. поступальна рубка; 32. зміна місця розташування; 33. відвід, обхідний напрямок; 34.  необхідна річ; 35. змащені деталі; 36. надання тілу обтічної форми; 37. повідковий патрон; 38.  рухомі та стаціонарні частини; 39. вібраційний листовий метал; 40. реакційні поправки; 41. граничний прибуток; 42. планове регулювання; 43. зміна обладнання; 44. сукупні грошові витрати; 45. діркопробивні штампи; 46. зворотні конвеєри; 47. компресорна станція; 48. перешкоджаючі частини; 49. запобіжний клапан; 50. контактна дробарка; 51. звуковий потік; 52. енергоефективне споживання; 53. напрям потоку; 54. дробарка; 55. притулок; 56. перегородка; 57. частота; 58. клапан; 59. пар.        

Task 3.4.13. Work in pairs. Translate the following text into Ukrainian. Use Tasks 3.4.2, 3.4.9 in case of difficulties:

Industrial Noise Control

Although the general principles applied in noise control engineering are fairly well established, it is not always possible to predict the results of noise reduction techniques. However, the methods of attacking a given noise control problem provide a procedure through which problem definition and eventual solution can be determined.
Each noise control problem can be broken down into three component parts: the source emitting the sound energy; the path along which the sound energy travels, andthe receiver.
From this initial division of the problem, it is important to remember that the objective of noise control is not to reduce noise for its own sake, but for the sake of the receiver, usually the human ear. Within this context, controls must be sought that are effective, yet economical. With respect to the three components of a noise problem, the solution will involve:a reduction of the sound energy being released from the source; a diversion or reduction of the sound energy along its path, andprotection of the receiver.
Low-cost solutions for noise control.
Before costly equipment or process design changes are undertaken, the following methods/procedures should be investigated. It should be noted that these controls are usually requisite to proper noise problem analysis.
Maintenance, regular and preventive; operational procedure changes; process optimization; equipment relocation; administrative controls; applying room or simple machine treatments; equipment replacement.
Perhaps the greatest single contribution of unnecessary noise is the lack of proper maintenance and corresponding preventive maintenance intervals.
Equipment that is poorly maintained eventually becomes inefficient. One manifestation of inefficiency is noise (misdirected energy), which, ultimately, becomes the subject of replacement. Typical energy wasters and noise producers are: steam leaks; slipping belts; worn bearings; worn gears; improperly aligned belts; unbalanced or nontrue rotating parts; reciprocating striking parts; insufficiently lubricated parts; misplaced; improperly installed machine guards; contact between moving and stationary parts; compressed air leaks; vibrating sheet metal, such as streamlining; improperly adjusted linkages or cams.
There are dozens more. Just about every item on a maintenance schedule can be related to a noise producer. Usually, if noise is present, adjustments and/or part replacement are necessary. The latter can be avoided by a preventive maintenance (PM) schedule/program. A PM program will avoid reactionary adjustments and help a maintenance crew become accustomed to anticipating problems. Ultimately, PM will save costly capital expenditures and excessive equipment downtime, as well as give direction in establishing an inventory of parts that are necessary, rather than “nice to have on hand.”
The manner in which equipment is operated or an operation is physically performed directly affects employee exposure to noise (operator and nearby co-workers). Where operations are monitored by employees, distance will reduce noise exposure; thus, the work station location is crucial to exposure. If monitoring is intermittent, then “quiet areas,” where the employee may find refuge, will reduce exposure time. If monitoring is constant but contact with equipment is intermittent, then a booth located at or near the equipment will provide refuge. 
The operational speed of the equipment may be disproportional to the noise output. Employee performance at high speed and high noise, for example, may be equal to slightly lower speed and less noise. A point of marginal return will exist. For a series of parallel or simply adjacent equipment  lines, high noise levels may be a result of simultaneous operation. Often, staggering operation schedules reduces the compounded noise level.
Process optimization is akin to proper maintenance; however, it goes beyond simple or routine adjustments or replacement. Optimization of process involves the concepts of money, materials, equipment, personnel and energy resources. These five factors used efficiently in the framework of time will achieve optimization. Efficiency of equipment and human factors is measurable as high performance or output. Thus, factors such as noise that affect performance will have a direct effect on optimization potential. Optimization can be pursued only if proper maintenance procedures are instituted first. Optimization procedures may include changing manufacturing procedures to achieve higher yields. Optimization may involve altering equipment or may require substitution of material. In other words, optimization is directed at “curing” the source rather than “curing” the noise emitted by it. To the extent that higher efficiencies will result in a lowering of total monetary outlay, noise control through this option may be low cost. It is worth mentioning that alteration or replacement of equipment will require a new set of specifications to achieve reduced noise. New equipment does not automatically guarantee low noise level. 
Equipment relocation may be a viable alternative for noise reduction if clear area is available. However, relatively quiet manufacturing operations may be substituted for open area. The primary objective of relocation is to distribute noisy equipment so that distance can reduce noise levels. If the noisy equipment requires little supervision, isolating such equipment may prove preferable to raising the general noise level.
Administrative controls run the gamut from rescheduling production to employee rotation. Employee rotation is perhaps the most common form of administrative control. Production scheduling involves running production so that actual noise exposure is constantly below accepted limits, rather than noise levels being high one day and low the next. Employee rotation can be effective, but differing labour skills and wages, union contracts, and perhaps employee resistance may be factors that would need to be resolved. 
The presence of reflective surfaces, as well as surfaces that amplify noise at the source, increases sound levels. In a room, walls, windows, floors, ceilings, equipment and work surfaces act as reflectors of sound. The reflective sound combines with the source-emitted sound, which results in sound levels higher than the source. By controlling the reflective sound, sound levels can be reduced to those levels approaching the source. Simple treatments include covering the surfaces with sound-absorbent materials and installation of baffles (hung from ceiling or placed in the reflective path). Large surfaces on noisy or vibrating equipment act as noise amplifiers. By covering the surfaces of equipment (usually interior surfaces), the amplification potential will be eliminated or drastically reduced.
 In some cases, the most expeditious method to a quieter working area is equipment replacement. Electric motors, compressors, pumps and fans fall into this category; however, these items usually can be justified in the cause of energy efficiency. A premium may be associated with quieter, energyefficient expenditures, but some estimates of quiet-associated performance increases should be factored into capital approval justifications. It should be realized that new equipment per se will not guarantee less noise; rather, specifications will determine the extent of noise reduction.
Equipment Specifications.
Trouble-Shooting Causes of Noise
Noise Caused By	Can Be Reduced By
	
Aerodynamics-fan intake and discharge,vents, steam jets, etc.	Reducing velocity; using absorbent material and silencer.	
Flow in pipes-gas or vapor lines,
compressor inlet or discharge pipes, etc.
	Reducing velocity and increasing pipe size;avoiding sudden changes of pipe size anddirection of flow; avoiding abruptobstructions.	
Metallic contacts-grinders, mills,
conveyors, etc.	Substituting other materials, such aswood, rubber or plastic, for metal.	
Stamping or blanking-punches, etc.	Changing into shearing action.	
Vibration of machine asingcompressors,
blowers, engines, etc.	Using sturdier design or damping material.	
Blade passing interference-turbines, fans,blowers, etc.	Increasing gap between interfering parts.	
Sonic flow in control valve-steam
reducing stations, safety rclicf valves, etc.	Reducing pressure drop or dissipating
flow energy.
	
Sliding or backlashing-conveyors, gears,
etc.	Controlling manufacturing tolerance andusing proper lubrication.	
Amplification due to reflection-pump
house, compressor station, etc.	Applying acoustical absorbent to
reflecting surface.	
Electrical or magnetic force-motors,
transformers, etc.
	Avoiding resonance between machine
parts and frequency of alternating
current.	

REFERENCES 
1.	Андрейчук Н. І. Охорона праці:навч. посібник / Н. І. Андрейчук, Ю. В. Кіт, С. В. Шибанов, Р. В. Шерстньова. – Львів : Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2012. – 276 с. 
2.	Бублик Г. А. Охорона праці : Конспект лекцій / Г. А. Бублик. – К. : КНТЕУ, 2002. – 129 с.
3.	Виробничі вібрації // http://pidruchniki.com/1333122238953/bzhd/virobnichi_vibratsiyi#685
4.	Третьяков О. В. Охорона праці : посібник / О. В. Третьяков – К., 2003 // http://westudents.com.ua/glavy/4563-81-vidi-gornnya.html
5.	Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, OSH Answers “Cold Environments – Health Effects and First Aid” //http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/cold_health.html
6.	Dust in the Workplace. General Principles of Protection //http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/eh44.htm
7.	Electrical Safety. Basic Information // https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/electrical.html
8.	Emergency Lightning and Exit Sign Requirements //  https://www.grainger.com/content/qt-emergency-lighting-exit-sign-requirements-265
9.	Encyclopaedia Brittanica //https://www.britannica.com/science/vibration
10.	Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Forth edition, from International Labor Office. // 
http://www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt41e.htm
11.	Gas Discharge Lamps, Ballasts, and Fixtures // 
https://www.repairfaq.org/sam/dlamp.htm
12.	Glare and Stress in the Workplace // http://www.naturalux.com/NaturaLux_Lighting_Filters_Glare.htm
13.	How do the Bulbs Work? // 
http://www.bulbs.com/learning/incandescent.aspx
14.	Industrial Noise Control // http://healthf.kaums.ac.ir/UploadedFiles/jozveh/motalebi/NoiseControlinIndustryAPracticalGuide.pdf
15.	Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Noise Control in Industry. A practical Guide. // http://healthf.kaums.ac.ir/UploadedFiles/jozveh/motalebi/NoiseControlinIndustryAPracticalGuide.pdf
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http://www.ilo.org
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http://blog.safetyglassesusa.com/reducing-glare-as-a-workplace-safety-hazard/
18.	United States Department of Labor //https://www.dol.gov/https://www.dol.gov/
19.	Vibration Isolation in Industrial and ManufacturingEquipment //
https://www.sorbothane.com/vibration-isolation-in-industrial-and-manufacturing-equipment.aspx
20.	Working Safety in the Heat and Cold // http://work.alberta.ca)
http://work.alberta.ca/documents/WHS-PUB_gs006.pdf

PART 1. ROAD VEHICLES – ERGONOMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DRIVER’S WORKPLACE IN LINE-SERVICE BUSES

Unit 1. Ergonomic Principles in the Design of Work Systems
Unit 2. Vehicle Safety Features
Unit 3. Visibility on the Road
Unit 4. Information Devices & Controls
Unit 5. Cabin Environment

PART II. HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit 1. Workplace Safety & Health
Unit 2. Hazardous Substances: Their Effect on Human Body and Protection against Their Impact
Unit 3. Workplace Electrical Safety
Unit 4. Temperature Control in the Workplace
Unit 5. Ventilation System in the Workplace. Electromagnetic Field Protection.
Unit 6. Workplace Fire Prevention and Protection Measures

PART III. SAFETY AND SECURITY IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit 1. Ionizing Radiation: Health Effects and Protective Measures
Unit 2. Lighting Safety in the Workplace
Unit 3. Vibration Hazards Prevention in the Workplace
Unit 4. Industrial Noise Pollution and its Effect on the Workers’ Capabilities