Результати емпіричного дослідження змісту психологічних чинників інтолерантного ставлення громадян до корупції

Abstract

presents the results of research of psychological factors of intolerant attitude of citizens to corruption. The relevance of the study is due to the high level of tolerance to corruption of Ukrainian citizens. This is evidenced by the results of the annual monitoring of the «Corruption Perceptions Index» of International Organizations (Transparency International, Freedom House), which affect the volume of foreign investment in the economy. In addition, the scientific problem of the psychology of intolerant attitude of citizens to corruption has not yet been studied. Identification of anti-corruption psychological factors will allow to gradually solve the following practical tasks: 1) to carry out professional selection of civil servants according to the criterion of «anti-corruption attitude»; to improve the quality of work of state institutions where there are high corruption risks; 2) purposefully introduce changes in the organizational culture for the manifestation of citizens' rejection of corruption. The paper analyzes the essence and varieties - intolerant, ambivalent, tolerant attitude to corruption. It is noted that the attitude to corruption (as an emotional and value perception / non-perception of corrupt social reality) depends of psychological and situational factors that affect corruption or anti-corruption behavior. Groups of factors of intolerant attitude of citizens to corruption - socio-psychological and individual-psychological - are analyzed. Individual-psychological factors of attitude to 2 corruption are: cognitive factors; self-assessment; moral factors; volitional factors. The individual-psychological factor of citizens' tolerant attitude to corruption is the «conformist» level of self-identity development (diffuse identity of the individual, incompetence, insecurity, conformism). Intolerant attitude to corruption is manifested in the emotional and value perception of corruption, the individual psychological factor of which is the «self governing» level of development of self-identity. Intolerant attitude of citizens to corruption arises: 1) spontaneously (as an emotional response to specific situations of corruption pressure); 2) as a result of conscious, strong-willed efforts of the individual, contrary to social risks. The socio-psychological factor of intolerant attitude of citizens to corruption is the psychological separation of the individual from the norms of corrupt organizational culture (authoritarian type). The empirical study covered 997 respondents. The method of anonymous questionnaire was used to obtain empirical data. Along with the domestic sample (N = 700), a reference Polish sample (N = 297) was included in the survey. At the diagnostic stage of the empirical study, four series of anonymous questionnaires were conducted: 2013; 2016; 2017; 2018. 6 standardized psychodiagnostic methods were used in the empirical study. Also developed and tested the reliability, discrimination, validity of the developed specialized diagnostic scales: Attitude to domestic corruption; Attitude to official corruption; Attitude to electoral corruption; Democracy-authoritarianism of organizational culture; Self-totalitarism; Tolerance to immorality in business; Critical decision-making; Prudence-carelessness; Ambivalence to typical corruption situations; Radicality to corruption situations; Anti-corruption capacity. The test revealed a reliability factor of 0,7 or more. The discriminativity of the scales was checked by the method of extreme groups (r = 0,3–0,78). The criterion validity of the scales was carried out by the method of comparative analysis of data in contrast samples - domestic and reference (Polish). During the analysis of empirical research data, statistically significant psychological factors of tolerant attitude of citizens to corruption were identified. Socio-psychological indicators of tolerant attitude to corruption are higher average values of the scale «Authoritarianism of organizational culture» in domestic samples than in the reference. Individual psychological factors of tolerant attitude of domestic respondents to corruption are: excessive prudence; more irrational ways of making decisions during elections; high averages of ambivalence to corruption situations (cognitive factors); moderately low indicators of general self-efficacy; self-totalitarism in the system of «individual - bearers of power»; motivational and professional orientation of a third of domestic respondents on professional activity with a lower level of risks and responsibilities (self-assessment); insufficient level of moral and ethical responsibility; tolerance for immorality in business (moral factors); higher average values of anti-corruption capacity, lower indicators of radicalism to corruption situations (volitional factors) in comparison with the reference (Polish) sample. These results indicate the presence of a conformist level of development of self-identity in a large part of domestic respondents, which does not contribute to the manifestation of intolerant attitude to corruption. To identify individual psychological factors of intolerant attitude to corruption, 3 statistical methods were used: comparative analysis (t-test), correlation analysis, regression analysis of data. The results of the correlation analysis indicate that the increase in anti-corruption capacity in the domestic sample has a positive correlation with «Democratization of organizational culture», intolerant «Attitude to electoral corruption», reduction of «Self totalitarism», reduction of «Maciavellism», reduction of «Ambivalence to corruption», a decrease in «Tolerance for immorality in business», an increase in «Critical decision making», an increase in «Radicalism to corruption», an increase in «General self efficacy». By regression analysis, the dependences of dependent and independent variables were revealed: the increase in the «Anti-corruption capacity» of the individual depends on the increase in «Criticality in decision-making», the increase in «Carelessness». By means of a comparative analysis (t-тест), respondents with high radicalism to corruption situations revealed statistically higher indicators of the average values of the scales: «Anti-corruption capacity», «Critical decision-making»; and also statistically lower indicators of average values of scales: «Ambivalence to corruption situations», «Maciavellism». These results identified a socio-psychological factor of intolerance to corruption - democratization of organizational culture, which contributes to: reducing tolerance to official corruption, reducing ambivalence to corruption, increasing anti-corruption capacity of the individual, reducing indicators of self-totalitarianism. Individual psychological factors of respondents' intolerant attitude to corruption were also identified: • Cognitive factors - indicators: high indicators of the scale «Critical decision making»; low indicators of the scale «Ambivalence to corruption situations». • Self-assessment - indicators: low indicators of the scale «Self-totalitarianism»; high indicators of the scale «General self-efficacy»; low and average indicators of the scale «Paternalism to the institutions of power». • Moral factors - indicators: low indicators of the scale «Tolerance to immorality in business»; average indicators of the scale «Maciavellism». • Volitional factors - indicators: high indicators of the scale «Anti-corruption capacity»; high scores on the scale «Radicalism to Corruption». These individual psychological indicators of intolerant attitude of citizens to corruption are important in the selection of candidates for work in public institutions with high corruption risks