Morphology of nanostructures formation on the surface of CdI2 crystals

Abstract

The morphology and nanostructures of CdI₂ crystal surfaces have been studied. The surface features a hexagonal close-packed atomic arrangement. Atomic force microscopy revealed micro- and nanoscale structures, including steps, spirals, and channel-like depressions. Steps along basal planes likely result from edge dislocations and dislocation walls formed during crystal growth, while spirals arise from screw dislocations due to uneven impurity distribution causing local stress and lattice shifts. Prolonged air exposure leads to nanopore and nanocluster formation specifically on van der Waals surface steps. This suggests that the nanoscale dislocation relief in the basal anion plane is crucial for nanostructure formation